Chapter 4 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards
When does cellular injury occur?
if a cell is unable to maintain homeostasis
What is the result of reversible cellular injury?
cells recover
What is the result of irreversible cellular injury?
cells die
Physiological Cellular Response
adaptive
Pathogenic Cellular Response
disease causing
What is cellular atrophy?
decrease in cellular size
What is cellular hypertrophy?
increase in cellular size
What is cellular hyperplasia?
increase in cellular number
What is cellular metaplasia?
replacement of one type of cell with another
What is cellular dysplasia?
deranged cellular growth
When does cellular metaplasia occur?
with chronic injury or irritation
What does “meta” mean?
after, behind
When does cellular dysplasia occur?
persistent severe injury or irritation
What does “dys” mean?
bad
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
hypoxic injury
Ischemia
reduced or restricted blood flow leading to inadequate blood supply
What is the most common cause of hypoxia?
ischemia
What organelle is the main cellular consumer of oxygen?
mitochondria
What is the result of reduced oxygen to the mitochondria?
reduced ATP production resulting in reduced cellular energy and accumulation of H+
What can an accumulation of H+ in the mitochondria result in?
breakdown in the membrane leading to an increase intracellular H+ and loss of membrane potential
What does lost membrane potential lead to?
necrosis
Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
additional injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen
What are the mechanisms if ischemia-reperfusion injury?
oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium, inflammation
Cellular response to hypoxic injury?
decrease in ATP leading to sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange failure
What is the physical effect of hypoxic injury on cells?
swelling or shrinking
What are free radicals?
atoms missing an electron
What do free radicals do to healthy atoms?
attack them to obtain a replacement electron
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
oxygen containing subset of free radicals created as a result of oxygen metabolism
Free Radicals are by-products of what?
normal metabolism
Oxidative stress results from…
not producing enough antioxidants to break down free radicals
Oxidative stress plays a major role in ______ and _________ ailments.
chronic and degenerative
What 3 things do free radicals cause?
- lipid peroxidation
- protein alteration
- DNA alteration
Lipid Peroxidation
damage to the lipid membrane
Protein Alteration
denaturation, breakdown, unfolding of proteins
DNA alteration
mutations in genes
What are xenobiotics?
substances foreign to the body (ie. lead, carbon monoxide, ethanol, mercury)
What chemical agent is most common in industry overexposure?
lead
Where is lead found?
houses with old paint that is chipped off and inhaled
How does lead affect humans?
lead poisoning, especially in fetus with immature BBB
Carbon monoxide is an _______, __________, __________ gas
odourless, colourless, nonirritating
How does carbon monoxide cause hypoxic injury?
oxygen deprivation by attaching to hemoglobin which has a higher affinity for CO
What is not able to store ethanol?
liver, unable to store the alcohol and becomes overwhelmed so it must make enzymes to break it down