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An introduction to Brain and Behaviour > Chapter 6: How do Drugs and Hormones influence the Brain and Behavior? > Flashcards

Chapter 6: How do Drugs and Hormones influence the Brain and Behavior? Flashcards

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1
Q

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

  1. Various forms of ______ have been used as study pills by students. A) barbiturates B) opioids C) amphetamines D) antipsychotics
A

C) amphetamines

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2
Q

______ is the study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior. A) Neuroscience B) Biopsychology C) Neuropsychology D) Psychopharmacology

A

D) Psychopharmacology

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3
Q

Drugs that are used to manage neuropsychological illness are called: A) prophylactic drugs. B) psychoactive drugs. C) mood drugs. D) psychodepressant drugs.

A

B) psychoactive drugs.

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4
Q

Which of the following is the least efficient method of drug administration? A) injection into the bloodstream B) injection into the brain C) oral consumption D) inhaling the drug

A

C) oral consumption

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5
Q

If a person is dying and needs lifesaving medication to be administered as quickly as possible, what is the best method of administration? A) oral consumption B) injection into muscle C) injection into the bloodstream D) a patch on the skin

A

C) injection into the bloodstream

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6
Q

The correct order from least efficient to most efficient method of drug administration is: A) oral consumption, inhalation, injection into the bloodstream B) skin patch, oral consumption, injection into muscle C) injection into muscle, injection into bloodstream, oral consumption D) inhalation, oral consumption, injection into the brain

A

A) oral consumption, inhalation, injection into the bloodstream

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7
Q

Approximately how many liters of blood are in the circulatory system at any one time? A) 3 B) 6 C) 9 D) 12

A

B) 6

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8
Q

Which of the following are most effective in passing through the blood–brain barrier easily? A) weak-base drugs B) drugs bound to proteins C) hydrophilic drugs D) water-soluble drugs

A

D) water-soluble drugs

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9
Q

One thousand micrograms of amphetamine taken orally is equivalent to: A) 100 micrograms injected into the cerebrospinal fluid. B) 10 micrograms injected into the cerebrospinal fluid. C) 5 micrograms injected into the cerebrospinal fluid. D) 1 microgram injected into the cerebrospinal fluid.

A

B) 10 micrograms injected into the cerebrospinal fluid.

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10
Q

Endothelial cells are: A) surrounded by the end feet of astrocyte glial cells. B) associated with veins. C) organized in the same fashion throughout the body. D) None of the answers is correct

A

A) surrounded by the end feet of astrocyte glial cells.

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11
Q

Tight junctions are associated with: A) astrocyte glial cells. B) endothelial cells. C) synaptic clefts. D) drugs bound to proteins.

A

B) endothelial cells.

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12
Q

The pituitary gland is to the area postrema of the lower brainstem as: A) toxins are to hormones. B) hormones are to toxins. C) vomiting is to shivering. D) shivering is to vomiting.

A

B) hormones are to toxins

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13
Q

The ______ does not have a blood–brain barrier. A) amygdala B) pineal gland C) thalamus D) All structures in the brain have a blood–brain barrier

A

B) pineal gland

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14
Q

Drugs that influence hormones primarily do so by acting on the: A) hypothalamus. B) pituitary gland. C) area postrema. D) pineal gland.

A

B) pituitary gland.

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15
Q

Which of the following substances can pass through the endothelial membrane in the blood–brain barrier unassisted (i.e., without active transport)? A) glucose B) carbon dioxide C) amino acids D) All of the answers are correct.

A

B) carbon dioxide

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16
Q

An active-transport system transports: A) glucose and other food items. B) glucose and amino acids. C) amino acids and other food items. D) only one specific substance

A

D) only one specific substance

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17
Q

The blood–brain barrier does not allow ______ to pass through. A) glucose B) amino acids C) neurochemicals D) oxygen

A

C) neurochemicals

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18
Q

Which of the following does not cross the blood–brain barrier? A) oxygen B) glucose C) amino acids D) carbon

A

D) carbon

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19
Q

Approximately ______ of drugs that can influence brain function cannot pass through the blood– brain barrier. A) 50 percent B) 78 percent C) 90 percent D) 98 percent

A

D) 98 percent

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20
Q

The breakdown of drugs by the body is referred to as: A) reuptake. B) metabolization. C) catabolization. D) deactivation.

A

C) catabolization.

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21
Q

The ______ is especially important for catabolizing drugs in the body. A) liver B) pancreas C) kidneys D) gallbladder

A

A) liver

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22
Q

______ cannot be easily broken down by the body and can cause severe neurological side effects. A) Mercury B) Magnesium C) Aluminum D) Potassium

A

A) Mercury

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23
Q

Psychoactive drugs have most of their effects at the: A) cell body. B) axon. C) synapse. D) dendrite

A

C) synapse.

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24
Q

A drug that prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine at synapses is an example of an: A) antagonist. B) accelerant. C) blocker. D) agonist.

A

D) agonist.

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25
Q

Agonist is to antagonist as: A) receptor is to terminal button. B) drug is to neurotransmitter. C) accelerate is to brake. D) slow is to fast.

A

C) accelerate is to brake.

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26
Q
  1. Botulin toxin (botulism) causes paralysis and slowed breathing and is therefore: A) an acetylcholine agonist. B) an acetylcholine antagonist. C) a dopamine agonist. D) a dopamine antagonist.
A

B) an acetylcholine antagonist.

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27
Q

Botulin toxin is used pharmacologically to: A) reduce muscle spasms. B) reduce skin wrinkling. C) reduce both muscle spasms and skin wrinkling. D) treat Parkinson’s disease.

A

C) reduce both muscle spasms and skin wrinkling.

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28
Q

Black widow spider venom: A) promotes the release of acetylcholine. B) blocks receptors. C) stimulates receptors. D) inhibits the release of acetylcholine.

A

A) promotes the release of acetylcholine.

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29
Q

drug that blocks the release of acetylcholine is called a(n): A) antagonist. B) agonist. C) desynthesizer. D) contragonist.

A

A) antagonist

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30
Q

Black widow spider venom affects its victim by: A) promoting the release of acetylcholine. B) inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. C) blocking the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors. D) activating the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors.

A

A) promoting the release of acetylcholine.

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31
Q

Botulin toxin is found in: A) bee and wasp stings. B) the crocus plant. C) tainted food. D) plant berries.

A

C) tainted food.

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32
Q

Nicotine acts as a(n): A) acetylcholine agonist. B) serotonin agonist. C) acetylcholine antagonist. D) dopamine antagonist.

A

A) acetylcholine agonist.

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33
Q

Curare: A) promotes the release of acetylcholine. B) blocks receptors. C) stimulates receptors. D) inhibits the release of acetylcholine.

A

B) blocks receptors.

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34
Q

______, an ______, was used to make poison arrowheads by South American natives. A) Curare; acetylcholine agonist B) Physostigmine; acetylcholine antagonist C) Physostigmine; acetylcholine agonist D) Curare; acetylcholine antagonist

A

Curare; acetylcholine antagonist

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35
Q

Nicotine, a chemical found in tobacco smoke, has its effect by: A) promoting the release of acetylcholine. B) inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. C) blocking the GABA receptors. D) activating the GABA receptors.

A

A) promoting the release of acetylcholine.

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36
Q

______ has been used to treat some memory disorders. A) Curare B) Botulin toxin C) Physostigmine D) None of the answers is correct.

A

C) Physostigmine

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37
Q

An example of an organophosphate is: A) curare. B) physostigmine. C) insecticide. D) botulinum toxin

A

C) insecticide.

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38
Q

______ is a decreased response to a drug over time. A) Addiction B) Tolerance C) Dependence D) Sensitization

A

B) Tolerance

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39
Q

When the number of enzymes needed to break down a drug in the liver increases, it is called: A) cellular tolerance. B) metabolic tolerance. C) sensitization. D) habituation.

A

B) metabolic tolerance

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40
Q

The development of ______ can explain why a person may appear to be unintoxicated despite having a high blood alcohol level. A) metabolic tolerance B) addiction C) sensitization D) cellular tolerance

A

D) cellular tolerance

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41
Q

______ is likely to increase with ______ drug use. A) Tolerance; occasional B) Sensitization; repeated C) Sensitization; occasional D) None of the answers is correct.

A

C) Sensitization; occasional

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42
Q

Sensitization has been linked with: A) changes in receptor number on the postsynaptic membrane. B) changes in transmitter metabolism in the synapse. C) changes in transmitter reuptake on the presynaptic side. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

43
Q

Sensitization usually occurs: A) as a result of cellular tolerance. B) as a result of metabolic tolerance. C) in a new environment. D) in a familiar environment.

A

C) in a new environment.

44
Q

______ are effective at treating anxiety disorders. A) Barbiturates B) Benzodiazepines C) MAO inhibitors D) Both barbiturates and benzodiazepines

A

D) Both barbiturates and benzodiazepines

45
Q

Haloperidol and chlorpromazine are examples of: A) antianxiety drugs. B) antipsychotic drugs. C) mood stabilizers. D) antidepressant drugs.

A

B) antipsychotic drugs.

46
Q

MAO inhibitors and tricyclics are examples of: A) antianxiety drugs. B) antipsychotic drugs. C) mood stabilizers. D) antidepressant drugs.

A

D) antidepressant drugs.

47
Q

Lithium and carbamazepine are typically prescribed as: A) antianxiety drugs. B) antipsychotic drugs C) mood stabilizers. D) antidepressant drugs.

A

C) mood stabilizers.

48
Q

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are often prescribed as: A) antianxiety drugs. B) antipsychotic drugs C) mood stabilizers. D) antidepressant drugs.

A

A) antianxiety drugs

49
Q

Which antianxiety drugs are often prescribed as a sleeping aid? A) barbiturates B) benzodiazepines C) haloperidol D) lithium

A

A) barbiturates

50
Q

______ results when tolerance for one drug is carried over to a different member of the same drug group. A) Addiction B) Sensitization C) Cross-tolerance D) Cellular tolerance

A

C) Cross-tolerance

51
Q

If I had an anxiety disorder I would probably take: A) Haldol. B) Valium. C) Prozac. D) imipramine.

A

B) Valium.

52
Q

Which of the following are antianxiety agents? A) alcohol B) benzodiazepines C) barbiturates D) All of the answers are correct

A

B) benzodiazepines

53
Q

GABA: A) increases the firing of cells. B) decreases the firing of cells. C) is very slowly reabsorbed. D) All of the answers are correct

A

B) decreases the firing of cells.

54
Q

GABA receptors have a binding site for: A) GABA. B) alcohol. C) benzodiazepines. D) GABA, for alcohol, and for benzodiazepines

A

D) GABA, for alcohol, and for benzodiazepines

55
Q

______ acts primarily on GABAA receptors. A) Alcohol B) Benzodiazepines C) Barbiturates D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

56
Q

______ is a disorder characterized by unusually wide spacing between the eyes, low intelligence, hyperactivity, social problems, and small brain size. A) ADHD B) Schizophrenia C) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder D) Williams syndrome

A

C) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

57
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is worse if a mother drinks during the ____ trimester. A) first B) second C) third D) The child is affected equally if the mother drinks in any trimester.

A

A) first

58
Q

Motor side effects similar to those of Parkinson’s disease can be a side effect of: A) neuroleptics. B) antianxiety drugs. C) antidepressives. D) narcotic analgesics.

A

A) neuroleptics.

59
Q

The incidence of schizophrenia is: A) one in 100. B) one in 1000. C) one in 10,000. D) one in 100,000.

A

A) one in 100.

60
Q

First-generation antipsychotics influence ______ receptors, whereas second-generation antipsychotics influence ______ receptors. A) D2; D2 and serotonin B) D3; D2 and serotonin C) serotonin; D2 D) serotonin; D3

A

A) D2; D2 and serotonin

61
Q

The ______ hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that patients have ______. A) norepinephrine; too much serotonin B) serotonin; not enough serotonin C) dopamine; not enough dopamine D) dopamine; too much dopamine

A

D) dopamine; too much dopamine

62
Q

Over the course of a lifetime approximately ______ of people will have a depressive episode that lasts for several months. A) 10 percent B) 30 percent C) 50 percent D) 25 percent

A

B) 30 percent

63
Q

______ deficiency has been linked with higher rates of depression. A) Vitamin E B) Vitamin D C) Vitamin B D) Vitamin A

A

B) Vitamin D

64
Q

Selective serotonin reuptake blockers are used in the treatment of: A) depression. B) bipolar disorders. C) schizophrenia. D) anxiety.

A

A) depression.

65
Q

Depression is treated with: A) butyrohenone. B) lithium. C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. D) benzodiazepines.

A

C) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

66
Q

If I had a bipolar disorder, I would probably take: A) lithium. B) Prozac. C) Librium. D) Haldol.

A

A) lithium

67
Q

MAO inhibitors increase levels of serotonin by: A) inhibiting the breakdown of serotonin. B) increasing the release of serotonin. C) increasing the sensitivity of serotonin receptors. D) All of these answers are correct.

A

A) inhibiting the breakdown of serotonin.

68
Q

SSRIs treat depression by: A) blocking the reuptake of serotonin. B) increasing the release of serotonin. C) stopping the breakdown of serotonin. D) increasing the synthesis of serotonin.

A

A) blocking the reuptake of serotonin.

69
Q

Anticonvulsant drugs that are used to treat epilepsy are also effective in treating: A) schizophrenia. B) depression. C) anxiety. D) bipolar disorder.

A

D) bipolar disorder.

70
Q

Your friend has recently been diagnosed with major depression. She has been prescribed several SSRIs over the last few months, but none seem to be working well. Your advice to her is to ask her doctor about using: A) clozapine. B) ketamine. C) L-dopa D) barbiturates.

A

B) ketamine.

71
Q

Enkephalins and dynorphins are examples of: A) opioid analgesics. B) amphetamines. C) endorphins. D) antipsychotics.

A

C) endorphins.

72
Q

______ is an example of an opioid analgesic. A) Codeine B) Morphine C) Heroin D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct

73
Q

The term “soldier’s disease” was used to describe ______ addiction following the American Civil War. A) cocaine B) morphine C) heroin D) opium

A

B) morphine

74
Q

The effects of cocaine can be mimicked by: A) endorphins. B) heroin. C) amphetamines. D) morphine.

A

C) amphetamines.

75
Q

______ block(s) the reuptake of dopamine. A) Amphetamine B) Marijuana C) Cocaine D) Both amphetamine and cocaine

A

D) Both amphetamine and cocaine

76
Q

______ was used by soldiers in World War II as a means of staying awake and alert and to help increase confidence. A) Morphine B) Cocaine C) Heroin D) Amphetamine

A

D) Amphetamine

77
Q

______ was once added to many drinks to help give them an energizing effect. A) Amphetamine B) Cocaine C) Opium D) Morphine

A

B) Cocaine

78
Q

______ has been shown to be effective in treating nausea, lack of appetite, glaucoma, and chronic pain. A) Marijuana B) Cocaine C) Methamphetamine D) Heroin

A

A) Marijuana

79
Q

An example of a serotonin psychedelic would be: A) mescaline. B) marijuana. C) heroin. D) LSD.

A

D) LSD

80
Q

The disinhibition theory attempts to explain the effects of: A) morphine. B) heroin. C) amphetamine. D) alcohol.

A

D) alcohol.

81
Q

Sensitivity to drugs is determined by: A) size. B) sex. C) age. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

82
Q

Drug abuse has been associated with changes in: A) serotonin. B) dopamine. C) acetylcholine. D) All of the answers are correct

A

B) dopamine.

83
Q

Another term for the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction is: A) incentive-salience theory. B) wanting-and-liking theory. C) associative learning theory. D) goal and pleasure theory.

A

B) wanting-and-liking theory.

84
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence for drug addiction? A) incentive salience, pleasure, associative learning B) associative learning, pleasure, incentive salience C) pleasure, associative learning, incentive salience D) incentive salience, associative learning, pleasure

A

C) pleasure, associative learning, incentive salience

85
Q

When cues that have previously been associated with drug taking are encountered, the ________ system becomes active, producing the subjective feeling of wanting. A) serotonin B) limbic C) dopamine D) endorphin

A

C) dopamine

86
Q

At present the basis for alcohol addiction is: A) mostly genetic. B) mostly learned. C) 50 percent learned and 50 percent genetic. D) still uncertain.

A

D) still uncertain.

87
Q

Which of the following drugs has the highest concordance rate for addiction among identical twins? A) Tobacco B) Marijuana C) Alcohol D) Heroin

A

C) Alcohol

88
Q

In large doses ______ has been shown to have toxic effects in neurons. A) monosodium glutamate (MSG) B) kainic acid C) ibotenic acid D) All of the answers are correct

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

89
Q

Domoic acid is most toxic to the: A) neocortex. B) medulla. C) hippocampus. D) basal ganglia.

A

C) hippocampus

90
Q

Which of the following statements is correct? A) Kainate receptors are glutamate receptors. B) Glutamate can be a neurotoxin. C) Glutamate and MSG have a similar structure. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

91
Q

Alcohol can cause brain damage indirectly through: A) poor diet. B) vitamin B deficiency. C) vitamin A deficiency. D) both a poor diet and a vitamin B deficiency.

A

D) both a poor diet and a vitamin B deficiency.

92
Q

Which of the following street drugs is least likely to cause brain damage? A) PCP (“angel dust”) B) MDMA (“ecstasy”) C) LSD D) amphetamines

A

C) LSD

93
Q

MDMA (“ecstasy”) has been shown to have toxic effects on: A) dopamine terminals. B) serotonin nerve fibers. C) norepinephrine synthesis. D) glutamate release.

A

B) serotonin nerve fibers.

94
Q

The ______ produces neurohormones, whereas the ______ secretes releasing hormones. A) pituitary gland; hypothalamus B) thalamus; hypothalamus C) hypothalamus; thalamus D) hypothalamus; pituitary gland

A

D) hypothalamus; pituitary gland

95
Q

Which of the following is likely to be called the master gland? A) pineal gland B) pituitary gland C) hypothalamus D) thyroid gland

A

B) pituitary gland

96
Q

The hormone testosterone most likely has its behavioral effects by: A) acting like a neurotransmitter and activating postsynaptic receptors. B) acting like a neurotransmitter and activating presynaptic transmitter release. C) entering a neuron and activating genes. D) modifying RNA messengers.

A

C) entering a neuron and activating genes.

97
Q

Testosterone and cortisol are examples of: A) steroid hormones. B) peptide hormones. C) gonadal hormones. D) homeostatic hormones.

A

A) steroid hormones

98
Q

______ is an important homeostatic hormone. A) Testosterone B) Cortisol C) Insulin D) Oxytocin

A

C) Insulin

99
Q

Gonadal hormones: A) contribute to cognitive functioning. B) are less important for females in producing the female body. C) act on us before we are born. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

100
Q

The hormone involved in our fast response to danger or threat is: A) cortisol. B) epinephrine. C) corticotropin. D) thyrotropin.

A

B) epinephrine.

101
Q

Epinephrine: A) turns off insulin. B) shuts down reproductive functions. C) inhibits the immune system. D) prepares the body for a sudden surge of activity.

A

D) prepares the body for a sudden surge of activity.

102
Q

Which of the following sequences is correct? A) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic-releasing hormone (ACTH), adrenal medulla B) adrenocorticotropic-releasing hormone (ACTH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenal medulla C) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic-releasing hormone (ACTH), adrenal cortex D) adrenocorticotropic-releasing hormone (ACTH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenal cortex

A

C) corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic-releasing hormone (ACTH), adrenal cortex

103
Q

It is suggested that high levels of stress can damage neurons in the: A) hypothalamus. B) hippocampus. C) thalamus. D) amygdala.

A

B) hippocampus

104
Q

Cortisol levels are usually regulated by the: A) amygdala. B) hippocampus. C) pituitary gland. D) thalamus,

A

B) hippocampus.

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