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An introduction to Brain and Behaviour > Chapter 1: What are the Origins of Brain and Behavior? > Flashcards

Chapter 1: What are the Origins of Brain and Behavior? Flashcards

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1
Q

Brain abnormalities can be related to:

A) 500 disorders. B) 1,000 disorders. C) 1,500 disorders. D) over 2,000 disorders

A

D) over 2,000 disorders. Pg 3

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2
Q

All the nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord as well as all the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord constitute the: A) nervous system. B) central nervous system. C) peripheral nervous system. D) external nervous system.

A

C: Peripheral Nervous System.

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3
Q

The postulation that we make subliminal movements of our larynx and muscles when we imagine was expounded by: A) D. O. Hebb. B) Edmond Jacobson. C) Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt. D) Fred Linge.

A

B: Edmond Jacobson

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4
Q

“Behavior consists of patterns in time” is a definition of behavior expounded by: A) D. O. Hebb. B) Edmond Jacobson. C) Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt. D) Fred Linge.

A

C: Irenaus Eibl-Eibsefeldt

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5
Q

Patterns in time can be made up of: A) movements. B) thinking. C) both movements and thinking. D) neither movements nor thinking.

A

C: Both movements and thinking.

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6
Q

The notion that the movements we make and the movements we perceive in others are central to communication with one another is called the theory of: A) motor cognition. B) abstract language. C) embodied language. D) disembodied language.

A

C: Embodied Language. It is also called Embodied Behavior but go with embodied language.

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7
Q

Crossbill birds have a beak that is designed to eat pinecones. If we trim the beak, the behavior disappears. This example illustrates: A) fixed behavior. B) flexible behavior. C) learned behavior. D) adaptive behavior.

A

A: Fixed Behaviour: Innate Behaviors that an animal is born with and does not require much learning to modify.

Learning new types of behaviour is an example of culture.

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8
Q

What’s the word: ——- is a wound to the brain that results from a blow to the head

A

Traumatic Brain Injury

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9
Q

What’s the word: The Brain and the spinal cord together make up the—–. All of the nerve fibres radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord as well as all of the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord form the —–.

A

Central nervous system and Peripheral Nervous system

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10
Q

What’s the word: One major set of brain structuctures, the —- or —– has nearly symmetrical left and right —– enfolding the —– which connects to the spinal cord.

A

Cerebrum/forebrain, hemispheres, brainstem

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11
Q

What’s the word: A simple definition of behaviour is any kind of movement in a living organism. All behaviours have both a cause and a function but they vary in complexity and in the degree to which they are—– or automatic and the degree to which they depend on —–.

A

Inherited/fixed. Learning

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12
Q

What is Embodied behaviour/embodied language?

A

The notion that the movements we make and the movements we perceive in others are central to communication with one another.

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13
Q

What is the Spinal Cord?

A

Part of the Central Nervous system encased within the vertrebrae (Spinal column); provides most of the connections between the brain and the rest of the body.

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14
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

All of the neurons outside the brain and spinal cord; provides sensory and motor connections to and from the central nervous system.
All nerve processes radiating out beyond the brain and spinal cord and all of the neurons outside the CNS connect to sensory receptors, muscles and internal body organs to form the PNS.

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15
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The brain and spinal cord make it up. It is encased in bone. It is called central because it is phyiscally the nervous system’s core and is the core structure mediating behaviour.

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16
Q

What are neurons?

A

Specialized nerve cells engaged in information processing. They control behavour most directly. They communicate with one another with sensory receptors in the skin, with muscles and with internal body organs.

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17
Q

What is the Cerebrum/Forebrain?

A

Major structure of the forebrain that consists of two mirror image hemispheres (left and right) and is responsible for most conscious behaviour.

It is responsible for most of our conscious behaviours. It enfolds the brainstem which is responsible for most of our unconscious behaviours.

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18
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

Central structure of the brain; responsible for most unconscous behaviour.

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19
Q

What is the Cerebellum

A

Major brainstem structure specialized for learning and coordinating movements; assists the cerebrum in generating many behaviours.

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20
Q

What is Locked in syndrome?

A

Condition in which a patient is aware and aawake but cannot move or communciate verbally because of complete paralysis of nearly all voluntary muscles except the eyes.

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21
Q

Which of the following statements is most accurate? A) Nonhuman animals have mostly inherited behavior and are little influenced by learning. B) Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning. C) Unlike nonhuman animals, humans share very few inherited behaviors and are mostly influenced by learning. D) Unlike nonhuman animals, humans’ behavior is totally learned.

A

B: Humans share many inherited behaviors but are mostly influenced by learning.

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22
Q

Animals with smaller brains and simpler nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors, whereas animals with larger brains and more complex nervous systems have mostly _____ behaviors. A) learned; inherited B) inherited; learned C) innate; inherited D) learned; innate

A

B) inherited; learned

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23
Q

The hypothesis that the psyche is responsible for behavior was expounded by: A) Charles Darwin. B) René Descartes. C) Aristotle. D) Socrates.

A

C: Aristotle

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24
Q

Mentalism is: A) the study of the mind. B) mental imagery. C) the notion that the mind is responsible for behavior. D) another word for mindfulness.

A

C: the notion that the mind is responsible for behavior.

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25
Q

The _____ is a nonmaterial entity that is responsible for intelligence, attention, awareness, and consciousness. A) brain B) heart C) mind D) conscience

A

C: Mind

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26
Q

The notion that the mind resides in the pineal body comes from: A) Charles Darwin. B) René Descartes. C) Aristotle. D) Socrates.

A

B: Rene Descartes

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27
Q

According to the philosophy of dualism: A) the body influences the mind. B) the pineal body is the mind. C) the pineal body influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles. D) the pineal body is the mind and influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles.

A

C) the pineal body influences the body by directing fluids from the ventricles to the muscles.

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28
Q

Subsequent research indicated that the pineal body was responsible for _____ rather than controlling human behavior. A) vision B) problem solving C) movement D) biological rhythms

A

D) biological rhythms

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29
Q

The difficulty in explaining how a nonmaterial mind can influence a material body has become known as: A) the mind problem. B) the mind–body problem. C) the brain problem. D) None of the answers is correct

A

B) the mind–body problem.

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30
Q

Descartes’s followers would argue: A) the mind and the body are separate at birth. B) humans and very few other animals have minds. C) children do not have minds. D) the mentally ill have minds.

A

C: Children do not have minds.

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31
Q

The notion that all behavior can be explained by the workings of the brain is commonly referred to as: A) psychology. B) experimentalism. C) materialism. D) dualism.

A

C: Materialism

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32
Q

The notion that all living things are related was put forward by: A) Charles Darwin. B) Alfred Russel Wallace. C) Gregor Mendel. D) both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

A

D) both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.

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33
Q

The notion that differential success in the reproduction of characteristics results from interactions between organisms and their environment is known as: A) natural selection. B) genetic theory. C) biological theory. D) innate behavior.

A

A) natural selection.

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34
Q

Images of blood flow in the brain in monkeys have demonstrated that: A) humans and monkeys use different brain areas for language. B) humans and monkeys use the same brain areas for language. C) monkeys show no brain activation for language because they cannot understand language. D) None of the answers is correct.

A

B) humans and monkeys use the same brain areas for language

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35
Q

Studies examining language learning in chimpanzees have demonstrated that: A) chimpanzees are able to learn sign language. B) chimpanzees are able to learn symbolic languages. C) chimpanzees are able to associate specific vocalizations with a particular context or object. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

Studies examining language learning in chimpanzees have demonstrated that: A) chimpanzees are able to learn sign language. B) chimpanzees are able to learn symbolic languages. C) chimpanzees are able to associate specific vocalizations with a particular context or object. D) All of the answers are correct.

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36
Q

Individual variation in plants and animals was first explained by: A) Charles Darwin. B) Alfred Russel Wallace. C) Gregor Mendel. D) both Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel.

A

C: Gregor Mendel

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37
Q

The study of how genetic expression is related to the environment and experience is known as: A) genotyping. B) phenotyping. C) epigenetics. D) environmental genetics.

A

C: Epigenetics.

38
Q

Which of the following is a conclusion that is necessitated by materialism? A) Because all animal species are related, their brains must also be related. B) Because all animal species are related, their behavior must also be related. C) The brains of complex organisms like humans evolved from the brains of simpler organisms. D) All of the answers are correct

A

D: All of the answers are correct.

39
Q

Inherited behavior: A) is demonstrated only by animal instincts. B) includes emotional expressions in humans. C) cannot include emotional expressions in humans because the behavior is learned. D) includes emotional expression in animals but not in humans.

A

B) includes emotional expressions in humans.

40
Q

Of the 100,000 people in the United States who may become comatose in a given year, how many recover consciousness? A) 5 percent B) 20 percent C) 30 percent D) 50 percent

A

B) 20 percent

41
Q

A person who can display some rudimentary behaviors such as smiling or blinking but is otherwise not conscious is described as being: A) in a coma. B) in a persistent vegetative state. C) in a minimally conscious state. D) brain dead.

A

C: Minimally conscious state.

42
Q

In a study with a patient in a minimally conscious state, Schiff and colleagues found that _____ led to dramatic improvements in the patient’s behavior. A) deep brain stimulation. B) reading to the patient. C) music therapy. D) gene therapy.

A

A: Deep Brain stimulation.

43
Q

The first humanlike brain evolved: A) 700 million years ago. B) 250 million years ago. C) 6 million years ago. D) 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.

A

C: 6 million years ago.

44
Q

The first brain evolved approximately: A) 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. B) 3 million to 4 million years ago. C) 250 million years ago. D) 700 million years ago.

A

C: 250 million years ago.

45
Q

More advanced nervous systems often have similar structures on the left and right sides (e.g., the left and right hemispheres of the brain). This concept is known as: A) mirroring. B) bilateral symmetry. C) bilateral structures. D) mirror symmetry.

A

B: Bilateral symmetry

46
Q

The human spinal cord is a great example of the concept of: A) segmentation. B) functional independence. C) functional specialization. D) None of the answers is correct.

A

A) segmentation

47
Q

Which of the following sequences is correct? A) phylum, order, class, family, genus, species B) phylum, class, order, family, genus, species C) phylum, class, family, order, genus, species D) phylum, family, class, order, genus, species

A

B) phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

48
Q

The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying species is: A) genetics. B) embryology. C) taxonomy. D) evolutionary biology.

A

C) taxonomy

49
Q

Humans, monkeys, Neanderthals, and chimpanzees all belong to the same: A) species B) genus C) family D) order

A

D) order

50
Q

Humans, tigers, dogs, and monkeys are all part of the same: A) species B) class C) genus D) family

A

B) class

51
Q

A notochord is: A) a spinal cord and a brain. B) a longitudinal flexible rod in the back. C) a segmented spine. D) a segmented spine and spinal cord.

A

B) a longitudinal flexible rod in the back.

52
Q

Chordates are any organisms that have: A) a brain B) a spinal cord C) a peripheral nervous system D) a brain and a spinal cord

A

D) a brain and a spinal cord

53
Q

The correct order of the evolution of nervous systems from simple to complex is: A) nerve net, segmentation, ganglia, spinal cord, brain. B) spinal cord, nerve net, brain, ganglia, segmentation. C) brain, spinal cord, nerve net, segmentation, ganglia. D) ganglia, nerve net, segmentation, brain, spinal cord.

A

A) nerve net, segmentation, ganglia, spinal cord, brain

54
Q

Taxonomists have classified approximately 1 million species into: A) 10 phyla. B) 15 phyla. C) 20 phyla. D) 25 phyla.

A

B: 15 phyla.

55
Q

Insects have: A) only nerve nets. B) only a few ganglia. C) enough ganglia to be called a brain. D) the same brain organization as a chordate.

A

C: Enough Ganglia to be called a Brain.

56
Q

The correct order of organisms from the least complex to the most complex nervous system is: A) flatworm, frog, squid, anemone B) anemone, frog, flatworm, squid C) anemone, flatworm, squid, frog D) frog, anemone, squid, flatworm

A

C: Anemone, flatoworm, squid, frog.

57
Q

Other than humans, which chordate has the largest forebrain? A) reptiles B) amphibians C) birds D) bony fish

A

C: Birds.

58
Q

Increased brain size and increased folding are most prominent in which chordate species? A) birds B) dolphins C) primates D) both primates and dolphins

A

D) both primates and dolphins

59
Q

The primate order contains approximately: A) 275 species. B) 375 species. C) 475 species. D) 575 species.

A

A) 275 species.

60
Q

Humans are most closely related to: A) gibbons. B) orangutans. C) chimpanzees. D) gorillas

A

C) chimpanzees.

61
Q

The first primate to walk upright similar to humans was: A) Homo erectus. B) Homo habilis. C) Neanderthals. D) Australopithecus

A

D) Australopithecus

62
Q

The oldest fossils that have been identified as human are approximately: A) 5 million years old. B) 200,000 years old. C) 2 million years old. D) 1 million years old.

A

C) 2 million years old.

63
Q

Modern humans appeared approximately: A) 50,000 years ago. B) 200,000 years ago. C) 100,000 years ago. D) 1 million years ago.

A

B) 200,000 years ago.

64
Q

Which of our human ancestors had the largest brain size? A) Australopithecus. B) Neanderthals. C) Homo habilis. D) Homo erectus. Ans: B Page: 21 T

A

B) Neanderthals.

65
Q

Which of the following sequences is in the correct order from smallest to largest brain size? A) Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals B) Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Australopithecus, Neanderthals C) Neanderthals, Homo erectus, Homo habilis, Australopithecus D) Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, Australopithecus

A

A) Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals

66
Q

Homo sapiens coexisted with: A) Homo erectus. B) Homo habilis. C) Neanderthals. D) Australopithecus.

A

C: Neanderthals.

67
Q

The idea that species exhibiting more complex behaviors will possess relatively larger brains is summed up by the idea of: A) principle of proper mass. B) encephalization. C) principle of mass action. D) relativization.

A

A) principle of proper mass.

68
Q

The encephalization quotient is determined by: A) measuring the size of an animal’s brain. B) measuring the weight of an animal’s brain. C) relating actual brain size to expected brain size. D) comparing the brain size of different species to one another.

A

C) relating actual brain size to expected brain size.

69
Q

Which of the following has the largest encephalization quotient? A) monkey B) chimpanzee C) Homo habilis D) dolphin

A

D: Dolphin.

70
Q

Which of the following theories is not likely to be related to the evolution of our large brain? A) primate lifestyle B) slowed maturation C) brain cooling D) our increase in cranium capacity

A

D: Our increase in cranium capacity

71
Q

Dunbar proposed that group sizes of about _____ tend to be correlated with increased brain size in primates. A) 50 B) 100 C) 150 D) more than 200

A

C: 150

72
Q

Potts proposed that climate change may have placed pressure on apes to adapt to their environment. Specifically, he proposed that apes that lived in _____ climates may have begun to walk upright. A) drier B) wetter C) colder D) coastal

A

A: Drier

73
Q

Vegetation eaters have: A) larger brains than fruit eaters. B) smaller brains than fruit eaters. C) greater social skills than fruit eaters. D) larger brains and greater social skills than fruit eaters.

A

B) smaller brains than fruit eaters.

74
Q

Research has demonstrated that animals with larger brains tend to: A) eat fruit. B) live in larger groups. C) have a slower maturation process. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D: All of the answers are correct.

75
Q

Eating fruit favors a larger brain because it: A) requires good sensory skills. B) requires good fine motor skills. C) requires good memory skills. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

76
Q

Fruit-eating primates: A) have a smaller brain than vegetation eaters. B) eat more glucose and thus have a larger brain than vegetation eaters. C) forage more than vegetation eaters and thus have a larger brain. D) None of the answers is correct

A

C) forage more than vegetation eaters and thus have a larger brain.

77
Q

How much of the body’s glucose supply does the brain use? A) 25 percent B) 50 percent C) 70 percent D) 80 percent

A

C) 70 percent

78
Q

The brain uses ____ of the body’s oxygen and _____ of the body’s glucose. A) 70 percent; 25 percent B) 50 percent; 25 percent C) 90 percent; 50 percent D) 25 percent; 70 percent

A

D) 25 percent; 70 percent

79
Q

Humans are classed as: A) fruit eaters. B) vegetation eaters. C) both fruit and vegetation eaters. D) a separate category from vegetation and fruit eaters.

A

A: Fruit Eaters

80
Q

The radiator hypothesis is a theory relating to: A) cooling of the brain by blood flow. B) cooling of the brain by cerebral spinal fluid. C) cooling of the brain by blood flow and cerebral spinal fluid. D) None of the answers is correct.

A

A: cooling of the brain by blood flow.

81
Q

How much of the body’s oxygen supply is used by the brain? A) 25 percent B) 50 percent C) 70 percent D) 80 percent

A

A: 25 percent.

82
Q

Compared to Australopithecus skulls, human skulls contain holes through which blood vessels could pass. This would have led to: A) better brain cooling. B) increased brain size. C) changes in diet. D) both better brain cooling and increased brain size.

A

D) both better brain cooling and increased brain size.

83
Q

Stedman and colleagues argue that changes in facial muscles and facial bones in early hominids may have led to: A) smaller bones. B) changes in mating patterns. C) changes in hunting strategies. D) None of the answers is correct.

A

A: Smaller bones.

84
Q

Our small face, vaulted cranium, upright mobility, and distribution of hair are features that link us with juvenile chimps. This illustrates: A) natural selection. B) neoteny. C) selective dominant traits. D) selective environmental influences

A

B: neoteny

85
Q

One of the benefits of neoteny is that it allows for: A) time for more brain cells to be produced. B) greater genetic diversity. C) greater variety in diet. D) None of the answers is correct.

A

A) time for more brain cells to be produced.

86
Q

Brain size is correlated with: A) plasticity. B) body size. C) nutrition. D) All of the answers are correct

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

87
Q

If one person has a brain weighing 1000 grams and another has a brain weighing 1500 grams, the difference most likely reflects: A) a major difference in intelligence. B) water content. C) body size. D) both water content and body size.

A

C) body size.

88
Q

Which of the following is not correlated with brain size? A) health B) cause of death C) age D) intelligence

A

D) intelligence

89
Q

Comparing intelligence between species is difficult because we are typically reduced to comparing: A) differences in brain size. B) differences in mating patterns. C) differences in species-typical behaviors. D) None of the answers is correct.

A

C: differences in species-typical behaviors.

90
Q

_____ is the complex learned behaviors passed on from one generation to another. A) Neoteny B) Evolution C) Culture D) Intelligence

A

C: Culture

91
Q

The acquisition of culture by humans stems most directly from: A) an evolved ability for high mental flexibility. B) our larger brain. C) improved diet. D) the invention of smartphones

A

A: an evolved ability for high mental flexibility.

An introduction to Brain and Behaviour (8 decks)

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