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An introduction to Brain and Behaviour > Chapter 2: What is the Nervous System's Functional Anatomy? > Flashcards

Chapter 2: What is the Nervous System's Functional Anatomy? Flashcards

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1
Q

The encephalization quotient (EQ) is: A) the total volume of a brain. B) a measure of intelligence. C) the ratio of brain volume to body size. D) the ratio of brain weight to body weight

A

C) the ratio of brain volume to body size.

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2
Q

If a tree falls in the forest, does it make a sound if no one is present? A) Of course; sound is a physical phenomenon. B) Yes, because if you tape it on a recorder and play it later you will hear the noise. C) No, because sound is a fabrication of your brain. D) This is an unanswerable philosophical question.

A

C) No, because sound is a fabrication of your brain

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3
Q

______ refers to the nervous system’s ability to change and adapt to compensate for injury. A) Neuroplasticity B) Recovery C) Phenotypic plasticity D) Rehabilitation

A

A) Neuroplasticity

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4
Q

Phenotypic plasticity refers to: A) how an organism’s genotype can be influenced by environmental factors. B) how an organism’s genetics can be influenced by its nervous system. C) the study of nervous system plasticity. D) None of the answers is correct.

A

A) how an organism’s genotype can be influenced by environmental factors.

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5
Q

The CNS includes the ______, whereas the PNS includes the ______. A) brain and autonomic nervous system; spinal cord and somatic nervous system B) spinal cord and autonomic nervous system; brain and somatic nervous system C) spinal cord and brain; autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system D) somatic nervous system and brain; spinal cord and autonomic nervous system

A

C)spinal cord and brain; autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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6
Q

The somatic nervous system includes the ______, whereas the autonomic nervous system includes the ______. A) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions; cranial nerves and spinal nerves B) brain and spinal cord; cranial nerves and spinal nerves C) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions; brain and spinal cord D) cranial nerves and spinal nerves; sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

D) cranial nerves and spinal nerves; sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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7
Q

The term afferent refers to ______ signals. A) incoming B) outgoing C) relay D) motor

A

A) incoming

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8
Q

Efferent is to afferent as: A) brain is to spinal cord. B) sensory is to motor. C) motor is to sensory. D) incoming is to outgoing.

A

C) motor is to sensory.

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9
Q

Afferent is to efferent as: A) out is to in. B) top is to bottom. C) in is to out. D) bottom is to top.

A

C) in is to out.

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10
Q

Moving from superficial to deep layers, in what order are the meninges found? A) dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater B) pia mater, arachnoid layer, dura mater C) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid layer D) pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid layer

A

A) dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater

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11
Q

The layer of meninges that is connected to the surface of the brain is the: A) dura mater. B) pia mater. C) arachnoid layer. D) inner layer.

A

B) pia mater.

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12
Q

Brain nomenclature can be very confusing. This is because: A) many structures have several names. B) some structures are labeled by the wrong function. C) some structures were named by numbers. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

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13
Q

The top of a structure is described as: A) lateral. B) ventral. C) medial. D) dorsal.

A

D) dorsal.

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14
Q

The ventral portion of a structure is sometimes called: A) superior. B) inferior. C) dorsal. D) medial.

A

B) inferior.

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15
Q

Rostral is to caudal as: A) superior is to inferior. B) dorsal is to ventral. C) medial is to lateral. D) anterior is to posterior.

A

D) anterior is to posterior.

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16
Q

What best characterizes the composition of cerebrospinal fluid? A) sodium chloride and other salts B) essential amino acids C) glucocorticoids D) simple sugars and small lipids

A

A) sodium chloride and other salts

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17
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows between: A) the arachnoid layer and pia mater. B) the dura mater and pia mater. C) the dura mater and arachnoid layer. D) the superficial layer and deep layer.

A

A) the arachnoid layer and pia mater.

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18
Q

The functions of the temporal lobes are mainly: A) decision making. B) hearing, language, and music. C) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects. D) vision.

A

B) hearing, language, and music.

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19
Q
  1. The frontal lobes are responsible for controlling: A) decision making. B) hearing, language, and music. C) vision. D) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects.
A

A) decision making.

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20
Q

The parietal lobes primarily control: A) vision. B) hearing, language, and music. C) decision making. D) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects.

A

D) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects

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21
Q

The occipital lobes are responsible for: A) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects. B) decision making. C) vision. D) hearing, language, and music.

A

C) vision.

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22
Q

Sulci are: A) found only in the cerebellum. B) found only in the cerebrum. C) the cracks between the bumps on the brain. D) the bumps on the surface of the brain

A

C) the cracks between the bumps on the brain.

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23
Q

Which of the following is not a symptom associated with meningitis? A) severe headache B) stiff neck C) aggressiveness D) convulsions

A

C) aggressiveness

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24
Q

Sulcus is to gyrus as: A) crack is to bump. B) bump is to crack. C) ridge is to mountain. D) crack is to crevasse.

A

A) crack is to bump

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25
Q

The symptoms of sleeping sickness are caused by lesions to the: A) putamen. B) globus pallidus. C) substantia nigra. D) amygdala.

A

C) substantia nigra

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26
Q

Which of the following arteries does not act as a major supplier to the cerebrum? A) anterior B) superior C) middle D) posterior

A

B) superior

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27
Q

______ is mainly composed of cell bodies and capillaries. A) Reticular matter B) Gray matter C) The corpus callosum D) White matter

A

B) Gray matter

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28
Q

______ is(are) mainly composed of nerve fibers with fatty coverings. A) The corpus callosum B) White matter C) Both the corpus callosum and white matter D) Gray matter

A

C) Both the corpus callosum and white matter

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29
Q

CSF is made in: A) the pia mater. B) the dura mater. C) the ventricles. D) the arachnoid layer.

A

C) the ventricles

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30
Q

The large cavities inside the brain are known as: A) ventricles and are filled with CSF. B) ventricles and are filled with blood. C) the arachnoid layer and are filled with CSF. D) the arachnoid layer and are filled with blood.

A

A) ventricles and are filled with CSF.

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31
Q

What is the most unlikely function of CSF? A) aids cell transmission in the brain C) allows certain compounds access B) acts as a shock absorber to the brain D) helps the brain excrete metabolic wastes from the brain

A

A) aids cell transmission in the brain

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32
Q

Ischemic stroke is caused by: A) a clot. B) a broken blood vessel. C) meningitis. D) encephalitis.

A

A) a clot.

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33
Q

A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by: A) a blood clot. B) a ruptured blood vessel. C) an embolism. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

B) a ruptured blood vessel.

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34
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is effective for treating: A) ischemic stroke. B) hemorrhagic stroke. C) meningitis. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

A) ischemic stroke.

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35
Q

When observing a sagittal brain section at the midline, what is the prominent feature composed of white matter? A) corpus callosum B) ventricles C) cingulate cortex D) hippocampus

A

A) corpus callosum

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36
Q

Cutting the brain from front to back will give: A) a coronal view. B) a frontal view. C) a horizontal view. D) a sagittal view.

A

D) a sagittal view

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37
Q

According Descartes, the seat of the mind was located in the: A) frontal lobes. B) thalamus. C) pineal gland. D) temporal lobes.

A

C) pineal gland

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38
Q

The role of glial cells is primarily: A) to carry out information processing in the brain. B) to send signals from one brain region to another. C) to modulate the activity of neurons. D) to process sensory input.

A

C) to modulate the activity of neurons.

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39
Q

CNS is to PNS as: A) neuron is to glia. B) gray matter is to white matter. C) nerve is to tract. D) tract is to nerve.

A

D) tract is to nerve.

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40
Q

The prosencephalon is sometimes referred to as: A) the hindbrain. B) the middle brain. C) the between brain. D) the front brain.

A

D) the front brain.

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41
Q

In the human brain the basal ganglia, limbic system, and olfactory bulbs are considered part of the: A) telencephalon. B) metencephalon. C) diencephalon. D) mesencephalon.

A

A) telencephalon.

42
Q

In the human brain the mesencephalon contains: A) the neocortex. B) cerebellum. C) tectum and tegmentum. D) medulla.

A

C) tectum and tegmentum.

43
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus are considered part of the: A) myelencephalon. B) telencephalon. C) metencephalon. D) diencephalon.

A

D) diencephalon.

44
Q

Fiorito and Scotto (1992) attempted to train an octopus to associate a red ball with a reward and a white ball with a mild electric shock. Results of this study demonstrated that: A) the octopus quickly learned to distinguish between the two colored balls. B) another octopus was able to learn the same association by observation. C) no matter how much training they used, the octopus could never learn the association. D) the octopus quickly learned to distinguish between the two colored balls, and another octopus was able to learn the same association through observation.

A

D) the octopus quickly learned to distinguish between the two colored balls, and another octopus was able to learn the same association through observation

45
Q

Which of the following is not a part of the hindbrain? A) the pons B) the tegmentum C) the reticular formation D) the medulla oblongata

A

B) the tegmentum

46
Q

Awakening from sleep is a function of: A) the pons. B) the medulla. C) the cerebellum. D) the reticular formation

A

D) the reticular formation

47
Q

The reticular formation is primarily made up of: A) gray matter. B) white matter. C) both gray matter and white matter. D) None of the answers is correct.

A

C) both gray matter and white matter.

48
Q

The primary function of the cerebellum is: A) control of sleeping and waking. B) control of movement. C) control of heart rate and respiration. D) sensory processing.

A

B) control of movement.

49
Q

The primary function of the cerebellum is: A) control of sleeping and waking. B) control of movement. C) control of heart rate and respiration. D) sensory processing.

A

B) control of movement.

50
Q

Orienting responses (e.g., turning your head to locate the source of a sound) are controlled by: A) the pons. B) the superior and inferior colliculi. C) the cerebellum. D) the diencephalon.

A

B) the superior and inferior colliculi.

51
Q

The red nucleus, substantia nigra, and periaqueductal gray matter are parts of the: A) tectum. B) pons. C) tegmentum. D) reticular formation

A

C) tegmentum.

52
Q

Regulation of breathing and the cardiovascular system is primarily controlled by: A) the pons. B) the reticular activating system. C) the medulla. D) the cerebellum.

A

C) the medulla.

53
Q

The superior and inferior colliculi have what respective functions? A) auditory and visual B) visual and auditory C) tactile and visual D) visual and tactile

A

B) visual and auditory

54
Q

Which of the following is part of the tegmentum? A) the tectum B) the substantia nigra C) the inferior colliculus D) the superior colliculus

A

B) the substantia nigra

55
Q

The hypothalamus is not primarily involved in: A) motor movements. B) sleeping. C) emotional behavior. D) sensory input.

A

D) sensory input.

56
Q

Sexual behavior is a primary function of: A) the thalamus. B) the hypothalamus. C) the gyrus fornicutus. D) the red nucleus.

A

B) the hypothalamus

57
Q

Thalamus is to hypothalamus as: A) sensory input is to body maintenance. B) body maintenance is to sensory input. C) sexual behavior is to sleeping. D) feeding is to endocrine function.

A

A) sensory input is to body maintenance.

58
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus deals with: A) touch. B) hearing. C) olfaction. D) vision.

A

D) vision.

59
Q

The primary function of the thalamus is: A) transmission of sensory inputs to the cortex. B) regulation of hormone function. C) regulation of sleeping and waking. D) control of orienting responses

A

A) transmission of sensory inputs to the cortex.

60
Q

Which of the following is not part of the forebrain? A) the cortex B) the tectum C) the basal ganglia D) the limbic system

A

B) the tectum

61
Q

The basal ganglia primarily control: A) decision making. B) voluntary movement. C) learning and memory. D) processing of sound.

A

B) voluntary movement

62
Q

Cognition is usually attributed to: A) the limbic cortex. B) the cingulate cortex. C) the neocortex. D) the parahippocampal cortex.

A

C) the neocortex.

63
Q

Memory and emotion are processed by the: A) limbic system. B) basal ganglia. C) thalamus. D) parietal lobe

A

A) limbic system.

64
Q

Deficits in processing basic visual information (e.g., luminance) are caused by damage to the: A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) temporal lobe.

A

C) occipital lobe.

65
Q

A person who has trouble locating the source of stimulation on the skin most likely has damage to the: A) temporal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) frontal lobe.

A

B) parietal lobe.

66
Q

Trouble recognizing sounds is most commonly associated with damage to the: A) parietal lobe. B) frontal lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) temporal lobe.

A

D) temporal lobe.

67
Q

Following a brain injury Steven has trouble organizing himself and has difficulty formulating plans to accomplish goals. You suspect that Steven may have damage to his: A) frontal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) occipital lobe

A

A) frontal lobe.

68
Q

Six layers of gray matter on top of a layer of white matter would describe: A) the limbic cortex. B) the basal ganglia. C) the neocortex. D) the cingulate cortex

A

. C) the neocortex

69
Q

Cortical regions: A) have the same density of cell layers. B) have different specific chemical characteristics. C) when stained look the same across the various areas. D) have very specific functions and rarely interrelate.

A

B) have different specific chemical characteristics.

70
Q

Motor output signals are sent through layer(s) ______ of the cortex. A) V and VI B) I to III C) IV D) II

A

A) V and VI

71
Q

Integrative functions are processed by layer(s) ______ of the cortex. A) V and VI B) I to III C) IV D) All of the answers are correct

A

B) I to III

72
Q

The caudate nucleus and the putamen are part of: A) the basal ganglia. B) the limbic system. C) the olfactory system. D) the hindbrain.

A

A) the basal ganglia.

73
Q

Sensory inputs are transmitted through layer(s) ______ of the cortex. A) I to III B) V and VI C) IV D) All of the answers are correct.

A

C) IV

74
Q

Parkinson’s disease and Tourette’s syndrome are neurological diseases associated with the: A) cerebellum. B) frontal lobes. C) basal ganglia. D) thalamus.

A

C) basal ganglia

75
Q

The hippocampus and the amygdala are part of: A) the basal ganglia. B) the limbic system. C) the olfactory system. D) the hindbrain.

A

B) the limbic system.

76
Q
  1. The hippocampus and the cingulate cortex have been implicated in: A) eating. B) emotion. C) sex. D) memory.
A

D) memory.

77
Q

Which of the following structures is not part of the limbic system? A) hippocampus B) amygdala C) cingulate cortex D) putamen

A

D) putamen

78
Q

Removal of the amygdala in cats leads to: A) changes in temperature regulation. B) sleep disruption. C) emotional changes. D) motor disruption.

A

C) emotional changes.

79
Q

There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves. A) 12 B) 24 C) 16 D) 8

A

A) 12

80
Q

Sensory and motor signals to the arms are sent through ______ sections of the spinal cord. A) sacral B) thoracic C) lumbar D) cervical

A

D) cervical

81
Q

Sensory and motor signals from the head and neck are sent to ______ sections of the spinal cord. A) thoracic B) sacral C) lumbar D) None of the answers is correct.

A

D) None of the answers is correct

82
Q

Dermatomes are associated with: A) the internal nervous system. B) the spinal nervous system. C) the autonomic nervous system. D) the cranial nervous system.

A

B) the spinal nervous system

83
Q

The law of Bell and Magendie states: A) the dorsal spinal cord is motor and the ventral is sensory. B) the medial spinal cord is motor and the lateral is sensory. C) the dorsal spinal cord is sensory and the ventral is motor. D) the medial spinal cord is sensory and the lateral is motor.

A

C) the dorsal spinal cord is sensory and the ventral is motor.

84
Q

Motor output from the spinal cord travels via: A) the dorsal spinal cord. B) the ventral spinal cord. C) the medial spinal cord. D) the lateral spinal cord.

A

B) the ventral spinal cord.

85
Q

Sensory input to the spinal cord travels via: A) the dorsal spinal cord. B) the ventral spinal cord. C) the medial spinal cord. D) the lateral spinal cord.

A

A) the dorsal spinal cord

86
Q

Increases in heart rate and inhibition of digestion are controlled by: A) the sympathetic nervous system. B) the parasympathetic nervous system. C) the spinal nervous system. D) the cranial nervous system.

A

A) the sympathetic nervous system.

87
Q

The ______ nervous system works to help us “rest and digest,” whereas the ______ nervous system helps initiate fight-or-flight responses. A) sympathetic; parasympathetic B) sympathetic; spinal C) parasympathetic; sympathetic D) somatic; parasympathetic

A

C) parasympathetic; sympathetic

88
Q

The vagus, facial, and oculomotor nerves are the primary component of: A) the cranial nervous system. B) the sympathetic nervous system. C) the parasympathetic nervous system. D) the spinal nervous system.

A

C)the parasympathetic nervous system.

89
Q

Ipsilateral is to contralateral as: A) opposite is to same. B) same is to opposite. C) down is to up. D) up is to down.

A

B) same is to opposite.

90
Q

The left hemisphere primarily controls functions on the ______ side of the body. A) contralateral B) left C) ipsilateral D) None of the answers is correct.

A

A) contralateral

91
Q

Language is usually localized in: A) the same place on both hemispheres. B) different locations on each hemisphere. C) the right hemisphere. D) the left hemisphere.

A

D) the left hemisphere.

92
Q

Spatial navigation is controlled by ______ of the brain. A) the left hemisphere B) both hemispheres C) the right hemisphere D) None of the answers is correct.

A

C) the right hemisphere

93
Q

The difference between sensory and motor pathways is least distinct in: A) the spinal cord. B) the thalamus. C) the colliculi. D) the forebrain.

A

D) the forebrain.

94
Q

The notion of segregation of sensory and motor functions in the nervous system was postulated by: A) François Magendie and David Bell. B) David Hubel. C) John Hughlings Jackson. D) Nige Toretle.

A

A) François Magendie and David Be

95
Q

Which of the sensory systems has primarily ipsilateral projections? A) the visual system. B) the auditory system. C) the olfactory system. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

C) the olfactory system.

96
Q

The brain appears to have: A) mainly serial or hierarchical systems. B) mainly parallel systems. C) a combination of serial and parallel systems. D) parallel systems at lower levels and serial processing farther up.

A

C) a combination of serial and parallel systems

97
Q

All sensory information reaches the forebrain through: A) the hypothalamus. B) the thalamus. C) the putamen. D) the caudate.

A

B) the thalamus.

98
Q

Memory seems to be located: A) in the cingulate gyrus. B) in the hippocampus. C) throughout the brain. D) in the temporal lobes.

A

C) throughout the brain.

99
Q

Changes in balance between excitation and inhibition account for symptoms in: A) Tourette’s syndrome. B) Parkinson’s disease. C) aphasia. D) All of the answers are correct

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

100
Q

The (1)division of the anS arouses the body for action, and the (2) division calms the organs. The two divisions work (3) to allow for quick defensive responses (fight or flight) or to induce a calming (rest and digest) state.

A

(1) Sympathetic division. (2) Parasympathetic division. (3) In opposition.

An introduction to Brain and Behaviour (8 decks)

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