Chapter 2: What is the Nervous System's Functional Anatomy?

Question 1

The encephalization quotient (EQ) is: A) the total volume of a brain. B) a measure of intelligence. C) the ratio of brain volume to body size. D) the ratio of brain weight to body weight

Answer 1

C) the ratio of brain volume to body size.

Question 2

If a tree falls in the forest, does it make a sound if no one is present? A) Of course; sound is a physical phenomenon. B) Yes, because if you tape it on a recorder and play it later you will hear the noise. C) No, because sound is a fabrication of your brain. D) This is an unanswerable philosophical question.

Answer 2

C) No, because sound is a fabrication of your brain

Question 3

______ refers to the nervous system’s ability to change and adapt to compensate for injury. A) Neuroplasticity B) Recovery C) Phenotypic plasticity D) Rehabilitation

Answer 3

A) Neuroplasticity

Question 4

Phenotypic plasticity refers to: A) how an organism’s genotype can be influenced by environmental factors. B) how an organism’s genetics can be influenced by its nervous system. C) the study of nervous system plasticity. D) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 4

A) how an organism’s genotype can be influenced by environmental factors.

Question 5

The CNS includes the ______, whereas the PNS includes the ______. A) brain and autonomic nervous system; spinal cord and somatic nervous system B) spinal cord and autonomic nervous system; brain and somatic nervous system C) spinal cord and brain; autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system D) somatic nervous system and brain; spinal cord and autonomic nervous system

Answer 5

C)spinal cord and brain; autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

Question 6

The somatic nervous system includes the ______, whereas the autonomic nervous system includes the ______. A) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions; cranial nerves and spinal nerves B) brain and spinal cord; cranial nerves and spinal nerves C) sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions; brain and spinal cord D) cranial nerves and spinal nerves; sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Answer 6

D) cranial nerves and spinal nerves; sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Question 7

The term afferent refers to ______ signals. A) incoming B) outgoing C) relay D) motor

Answer 7

A) incoming

Question 8

Efferent is to afferent as: A) brain is to spinal cord. B) sensory is to motor. C) motor is to sensory. D) incoming is to outgoing.

Answer 8

C) motor is to sensory.

Question 9

Afferent is to efferent as: A) out is to in. B) top is to bottom. C) in is to out. D) bottom is to top.

Answer 9

C) in is to out.

Question 10

Moving from superficial to deep layers, in what order are the meninges found? A) dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater B) pia mater, arachnoid layer, dura mater C) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid layer D) pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid layer

Answer 10

A) dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater

Question 11

The layer of meninges that is connected to the surface of the brain is the: A) dura mater. B) pia mater. C) arachnoid layer. D) inner layer.

Answer 11

B) pia mater.

Question 12

Brain nomenclature can be very confusing. This is because: A) many structures have several names. B) some structures are labeled by the wrong function. C) some structures were named by numbers. D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 12

D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

The top of a structure is described as: A) lateral. B) ventral. C) medial. D) dorsal.

Answer 13

D) dorsal.

Question 14

The ventral portion of a structure is sometimes called: A) superior. B) inferior. C) dorsal. D) medial.

Answer 14

B) inferior.

Question 15

Rostral is to caudal as: A) superior is to inferior. B) dorsal is to ventral. C) medial is to lateral. D) anterior is to posterior.

Answer 15

D) anterior is to posterior.

Question 16

What best characterizes the composition of cerebrospinal fluid? A) sodium chloride and other salts B) essential amino acids C) glucocorticoids D) simple sugars and small lipids

Answer 16

A) sodium chloride and other salts

Question 17

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows between: A) the arachnoid layer and pia mater. B) the dura mater and pia mater. C) the dura mater and arachnoid layer. D) the superficial layer and deep layer.

Answer 17

A) the arachnoid layer and pia mater.

Question 18

The functions of the temporal lobes are mainly: A) decision making. B) hearing, language, and music. C) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects. D) vision.

Answer 18

B) hearing, language, and music.

Question 19

19. The frontal lobes are responsible for controlling: A) decision making. B) hearing, language, and music. C) vision. D) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects.

Answer 19

A) decision making.

Question 20

The parietal lobes primarily control: A) vision. B) hearing, language, and music. C) decision making. D) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects.

Answer 20

D) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects

Question 21

The occipital lobes are responsible for: A) sensory processing and directing movements toward objects. B) decision making. C) vision. D) hearing, language, and music.

Answer 21

C) vision.

Question 22

Sulci are: A) found only in the cerebellum. B) found only in the cerebrum. C) the cracks between the bumps on the brain. D) the bumps on the surface of the brain

Answer 22

C) the cracks between the bumps on the brain.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a symptom associated with meningitis? A) severe headache B) stiff neck C) aggressiveness D) convulsions

Answer 23

C) aggressiveness

Question 24

Sulcus is to gyrus as: A) crack is to bump. B) bump is to crack. C) ridge is to mountain. D) crack is to crevasse.

Answer 24

A) crack is to bump

Question 25

The symptoms of sleeping sickness are caused by lesions to the: A) putamen. B) globus pallidus. C) substantia nigra. D) amygdala.

Answer 25

C) substantia nigra

Question 26

Which of the following arteries does not act as a major supplier to the cerebrum? A) anterior B) superior C) middle D) posterior

Answer 26

B) superior

Question 27

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is mainly composed of cell bodies and capillaries. A) Reticular matter B) Gray matter C) The corpus callosum D) White matter

Answer 27

B) Gray matter

Question 28

\_\_\_\_\_\_ is(are) mainly composed of nerve fibers with fatty coverings. A) The corpus callosum B) White matter C) Both the corpus callosum and white matter D) Gray matter

Answer 28

C) Both the corpus callosum and white matter

Question 29

CSF is made in: A) the pia mater. B) the dura mater. C) the ventricles. D) the arachnoid layer.

Answer 29

C) the ventricles

Question 30

The large cavities inside the brain are known as: A) ventricles and are filled with CSF. B) ventricles and are filled with blood. C) the arachnoid layer and are filled with CSF. D) the arachnoid layer and are filled with blood.

Answer 30

A) ventricles and are filled with CSF.

Question 31

What is the most unlikely function of CSF? A) aids cell transmission in the brain C) allows certain compounds access B) acts as a shock absorber to the brain D) helps the brain excrete metabolic wastes from the brain

Answer 31

A) aids cell transmission in the brain

Question 32

Ischemic stroke is caused by: A) a clot. B) a broken blood vessel. C) meningitis. D) encephalitis.

Answer 32

A) a clot.

Question 33

A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by: A) a blood clot. B) a ruptured blood vessel. C) an embolism. D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 33

B) a ruptured blood vessel.

Question 34

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is effective for treating: A) ischemic stroke. B) hemorrhagic stroke. C) meningitis. D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 34

A) ischemic stroke.

Question 35

When observing a sagittal brain section at the midline, what is the prominent feature composed of white matter? A) corpus callosum B) ventricles C) cingulate cortex D) hippocampus

Answer 35

A) corpus callosum

Question 36

Cutting the brain from front to back will give: A) a coronal view. B) a frontal view. C) a horizontal view. D) a sagittal view.

Answer 36

D) a sagittal view

Question 37

According Descartes, the seat of the mind was located in the: A) frontal lobes. B) thalamus. C) pineal gland. D) temporal lobes.

Answer 37

C) pineal gland

Question 38

The role of glial cells is primarily: A) to carry out information processing in the brain. B) to send signals from one brain region to another. C) to modulate the activity of neurons. D) to process sensory input.

Answer 38

C) to modulate the activity of neurons.

Question 39

CNS is to PNS as: A) neuron is to glia. B) gray matter is to white matter. C) nerve is to tract. D) tract is to nerve.

Answer 39

D) tract is to nerve.

Question 40

The prosencephalon is sometimes referred to as: A) the hindbrain. B) the middle brain. C) the between brain. D) the front brain.

Answer 40

D) the front brain.

Question 41

In the human brain the basal ganglia, limbic system, and olfactory bulbs are considered part of the: A) telencephalon. B) metencephalon. C) diencephalon. D) mesencephalon.

Answer 41

A) telencephalon.

Question 42

In the human brain the mesencephalon contains: A) the neocortex. B) cerebellum. C) tectum and tegmentum. D) medulla.

Answer 42

C) tectum and tegmentum.

Question 43

The thalamus and hypothalamus are considered part of the: A) myelencephalon. B) telencephalon. C) metencephalon. D) diencephalon.

Answer 43

D) diencephalon.

Question 44

Fiorito and Scotto (1992) attempted to train an octopus to associate a red ball with a reward and a white ball with a mild electric shock. Results of this study demonstrated that: A) the octopus quickly learned to distinguish between the two colored balls. B) another octopus was able to learn the same association by observation. C) no matter how much training they used, the octopus could never learn the association. D) the octopus quickly learned to distinguish between the two colored balls, and another octopus was able to learn the same association through observation.

Answer 44

D) the octopus quickly learned to distinguish between the two colored balls, and another octopus was able to learn the same association through observation

Question 45

Which of the following is not a part of the hindbrain? A) the pons B) the tegmentum C) the reticular formation D) the medulla oblongata

Answer 45

B) the tegmentum

Question 46

Awakening from sleep is a function of: A) the pons. B) the medulla. C) the cerebellum. D) the reticular formation

Answer 46

D) the reticular formation

Question 47

The reticular formation is primarily made up of: A) gray matter. B) white matter. C) both gray matter and white matter. D) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 47

C) both gray matter and white matter.

Question 48

The primary function of the cerebellum is: A) control of sleeping and waking. B) control of movement. C) control of heart rate and respiration. D) sensory processing.

Answer 48

B) control of movement.

Question 49

The primary function of the cerebellum is: A) control of sleeping and waking. B) control of movement. C) control of heart rate and respiration. D) sensory processing.

Answer 49

B) control of movement.

Question 50

Orienting responses (e.g., turning your head to locate the source of a sound) are controlled by: A) the pons. B) the superior and inferior colliculi. C) the cerebellum. D) the diencephalon.

Answer 50

B) the superior and inferior colliculi.

Question 51

The red nucleus, substantia nigra, and periaqueductal gray matter are parts of the: A) tectum. B) pons. C) tegmentum. D) reticular formation

Answer 51

C) tegmentum.

Question 52

Regulation of breathing and the cardiovascular system is primarily controlled by: A) the pons. B) the reticular activating system. C) the medulla. D) the cerebellum.

Answer 52

C) the medulla.

Question 53

The superior and inferior colliculi have what respective functions? A) auditory and visual B) visual and auditory C) tactile and visual D) visual and tactile

Answer 53

B) visual and auditory

Question 54

Which of the following is part of the tegmentum? A) the tectum B) the substantia nigra C) the inferior colliculus D) the superior colliculus

Answer 54

B) the substantia nigra

Question 55

The hypothalamus is not primarily involved in: A) motor movements. B) sleeping. C) emotional behavior. D) sensory input.

Answer 55

D) sensory input.

Question 56

Sexual behavior is a primary function of: A) the thalamus. B) the hypothalamus. C) the gyrus fornicutus. D) the red nucleus.

Answer 56

B) the hypothalamus

Question 57

Thalamus is to hypothalamus as: A) sensory input is to body maintenance. B) body maintenance is to sensory input. C) sexual behavior is to sleeping. D) feeding is to endocrine function.

Answer 57

A) sensory input is to body maintenance.

Question 58

The lateral geniculate nucleus deals with: A) touch. B) hearing. C) olfaction. D) vision.

Answer 58

D) vision.

Question 59

The primary function of the thalamus is: A) transmission of sensory inputs to the cortex. B) regulation of hormone function. C) regulation of sleeping and waking. D) control of orienting responses

Answer 59

A) transmission of sensory inputs to the cortex.

Question 60

Which of the following is not part of the forebrain? A) the cortex B) the tectum C) the basal ganglia D) the limbic system

Answer 60

B) the tectum

Question 61

The basal ganglia primarily control: A) decision making. B) voluntary movement. C) learning and memory. D) processing of sound.

Answer 61

B) voluntary movement

Question 62

Cognition is usually attributed to: A) the limbic cortex. B) the cingulate cortex. C) the neocortex. D) the parahippocampal cortex.

Answer 62

C) the neocortex.

Question 63

Memory and emotion are processed by the: A) limbic system. B) basal ganglia. C) thalamus. D) parietal lobe

Answer 63

A) limbic system.

Question 64

Deficits in processing basic visual information (e.g., luminance) are caused by damage to the: A) frontal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) temporal lobe.

Answer 64

C) occipital lobe.

Question 65

A person who has trouble locating the source of stimulation on the skin most likely has damage to the: A) temporal lobe. B) parietal lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) frontal lobe.

Answer 65

B) parietal lobe.

Question 66

Trouble recognizing sounds is most commonly associated with damage to the: A) parietal lobe. B) frontal lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) temporal lobe.

Answer 66

D) temporal lobe.

Question 67

Following a brain injury Steven has trouble organizing himself and has difficulty formulating plans to accomplish goals. You suspect that Steven may have damage to his: A) frontal lobe. B) temporal lobe. C) parietal lobe. D) occipital lobe

Answer 67

A) frontal lobe.

Question 68

Six layers of gray matter on top of a layer of white matter would describe: A) the limbic cortex. B) the basal ganglia. C) the neocortex. D) the cingulate cortex

Answer 68

. C) the neocortex

Question 69

Cortical regions: A) have the same density of cell layers. B) have different specific chemical characteristics. C) when stained look the same across the various areas. D) have very specific functions and rarely interrelate.

Answer 69

B) have different specific chemical characteristics.

Question 70

Motor output signals are sent through layer(s) ______ of the cortex. A) V and VI B) I to III C) IV D) II

Answer 70

A) V and VI

Question 71

Integrative functions are processed by layer(s) ______ of the cortex. A) V and VI B) I to III C) IV D) All of the answers are correct

Answer 71

B) I to III

Question 72

The caudate nucleus and the putamen are part of: A) the basal ganglia. B) the limbic system. C) the olfactory system. D) the hindbrain.

Answer 72

A) the basal ganglia.

Question 73

Sensory inputs are transmitted through layer(s) ______ of the cortex. A) I to III B) V and VI C) IV D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 73

C) IV

Question 74

Parkinson’s disease and Tourette’s syndrome are neurological diseases associated with the: A) cerebellum. B) frontal lobes. C) basal ganglia. D) thalamus.

Answer 74

C) basal ganglia

Question 75

The hippocampus and the amygdala are part of: A) the basal ganglia. B) the limbic system. C) the olfactory system. D) the hindbrain.

Answer 75

B) the limbic system.

Question 76

75. The hippocampus and the cingulate cortex have been implicated in: A) eating. B) emotion. C) sex. D) memory.

Answer 76

D) memory.

Question 77

Which of the following structures is not part of the limbic system? A) hippocampus B) amygdala C) cingulate cortex D) putamen

Answer 77

D) putamen

Question 78

Removal of the amygdala in cats leads to: A) changes in temperature regulation. B) sleep disruption. C) emotional changes. D) motor disruption.

Answer 78

C) emotional changes.

Question 79

There are ______ pairs of cranial nerves. A) 12 B) 24 C) 16 D) 8

Answer 79

A) 12

Question 80

Sensory and motor signals to the arms are sent through ______ sections of the spinal cord. A) sacral B) thoracic C) lumbar D) cervical

Answer 80

D) cervical

Question 81

Sensory and motor signals from the head and neck are sent to ______ sections of the spinal cord. A) thoracic B) sacral C) lumbar D) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 81

D) None of the answers is correct

Question 82

Dermatomes are associated with: A) the internal nervous system. B) the spinal nervous system. C) the autonomic nervous system. D) the cranial nervous system.

Answer 82

B) the spinal nervous system

Question 83

The law of Bell and Magendie states: A) the dorsal spinal cord is motor and the ventral is sensory. B) the medial spinal cord is motor and the lateral is sensory. C) the dorsal spinal cord is sensory and the ventral is motor. D) the medial spinal cord is sensory and the lateral is motor.

Answer 83

C) the dorsal spinal cord is sensory and the ventral is motor.

Question 84

Motor output from the spinal cord travels via: A) the dorsal spinal cord. B) the ventral spinal cord. C) the medial spinal cord. D) the lateral spinal cord.

Answer 84

B) the ventral spinal cord.

Question 85

Sensory input to the spinal cord travels via: A) the dorsal spinal cord. B) the ventral spinal cord. C) the medial spinal cord. D) the lateral spinal cord.

Answer 85

A) the dorsal spinal cord

Question 86

Increases in heart rate and inhibition of digestion are controlled by: A) the sympathetic nervous system. B) the parasympathetic nervous system. C) the spinal nervous system. D) the cranial nervous system.

Answer 86

A) the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 87

The ______ nervous system works to help us “rest and digest,” whereas the ______ nervous system helps initiate fight-or-flight responses. A) sympathetic; parasympathetic B) sympathetic; spinal C) parasympathetic; sympathetic D) somatic; parasympathetic

Answer 87

C) parasympathetic; sympathetic

Question 88

The vagus, facial, and oculomotor nerves are the primary component of: A) the cranial nervous system. B) the sympathetic nervous system. C) the parasympathetic nervous system. D) the spinal nervous system.

Answer 88

C)the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 89

Ipsilateral is to contralateral as: A) opposite is to same. B) same is to opposite. C) down is to up. D) up is to down.

Answer 89

B) same is to opposite.

Question 90

The left hemisphere primarily controls functions on the ______ side of the body. A) contralateral B) left C) ipsilateral D) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 90

A) contralateral

Question 91

Language is usually localized in: A) the same place on both hemispheres. B) different locations on each hemisphere. C) the right hemisphere. D) the left hemisphere.

Answer 91

D) the left hemisphere.

Question 92

Spatial navigation is controlled by ______ of the brain. A) the left hemisphere B) both hemispheres C) the right hemisphere D) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 92

C) the right hemisphere

Question 93

The difference between sensory and motor pathways is least distinct in: A) the spinal cord. B) the thalamus. C) the colliculi. D) the forebrain.

Answer 93

D) the forebrain.

Question 94

The notion of segregation of sensory and motor functions in the nervous system was postulated by: A) François Magendie and David Bell. B) David Hubel. C) John Hughlings Jackson. D) Nige Toretle.

Answer 94

A) François Magendie and David Be

Question 95

Which of the sensory systems has primarily ipsilateral projections? A) the visual system. B) the auditory system. C) the olfactory system. D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 95

C) the olfactory system.

Question 96

The brain appears to have: A) mainly serial or hierarchical systems. B) mainly parallel systems. C) a combination of serial and parallel systems. D) parallel systems at lower levels and serial processing farther up.

Answer 96

C) a combination of serial and parallel systems

Question 97

All sensory information reaches the forebrain through: A) the hypothalamus. B) the thalamus. C) the putamen. D) the caudate.

Answer 97

B) the thalamus.

Question 98

Memory seems to be located: A) in the cingulate gyrus. B) in the hippocampus. C) throughout the brain. D) in the temporal lobes.

Answer 98

C) throughout the brain.

Question 99

Changes in balance between excitation and inhibition account for symptoms in: A) Tourette’s syndrome. B) Parkinson’s disease. C) aphasia. D) All of the answers are correct

Answer 99

D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 100

The (1)division of the anS arouses the body for action, and the (2) division calms the organs. The two divisions work (3) to allow for quick defensive responses (fight or flight) or to induce a calming (rest and digest) state.

Answer 100

(1) Sympathetic division. (2) Parasympathetic division. (3) In opposition.