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An introduction to Brain and Behaviour > Chapter 5: How Do Neurons Use Electrochemical Signals to Communicate and Adapt? > Flashcards

Chapter 5: How Do Neurons Use Electrochemical Signals to Communicate and Adapt? Flashcards

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1
Q

______ is a neurotransmitter that slows down heart rate, whereas ______ speeds it up. A) Acetylcholine; norepinephrine B) Epinephrine; norepinephrine C) Norepinephrine; acetylcholine D) Epinephrine; acetylcholine

A

A) Acetylcholine; norepinephrine

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2
Q

Acetylcholine helps ______ muscle contraction in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), whereas it acts to ______ muscle contraction in the central nervous system (CNS). A) excite; increase B) inhibit; slow down C) excite; inhibit D) inhibit; excite

A

D) inhibit; excite

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3
Q

______ can also act as neurotransmitters. A) Synapses B) Mitochondria C) Hormones D) None of the answers is correct

A

C) Hormones

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4
Q

Chemicals released by a neuron onto a target with an excitatory or inhibitory effect are called: A) messengers. B) action potentials. C) neurotransmitters. D) second messengers.

A

C) neurotransmitters.

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5
Q

_____ is linked with shaking in the limbs, loss of balance, and general loss of muscular control. A) Parkinson’s disease B) Lou Gehrig’s disease C) Huntington’s disease D) All of the answers are correct

A

A) Parkinson’s disease

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6
Q

Parkinson’s disease is linked with the loss of ______ neurons in the midbrain. A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) serotonin

A

B) dopamine

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7
Q

The structure of synapses is best viewed with a(n): A) electron microscope. B) light microscope. C) confocal microscope. D) Nissl-stained microscopic procedure.

A

A) electron microscope.

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8
Q

______ contain the neurotransmitters. A) Synaptic vesicles B) Ribosomes C) Axons D) Dendrites

A

A) Synaptic Vesicles

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9
Q

Electron microscopy is a useful tool in the study of synaptic morphology. The resolution of an electron microscope is much greater than that of a light microscope because: A) smaller electron waves scatter less than light waves. B) light waves scatter less than electron waves. C) larger electron waves scatter more than light waves. D) larger light waves scatter in patterns similar to those of electron waves.

A

A) smaller electron waves scatter less than light waves.

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10
Q

A synaptic cleft is the space between: A) a synaptic vesicle and an axon terminal. B) a dendrite and an ion channel. C) an ion channel and an axon terminal. D) an axon terminal and a dendrite.

A

D) an axon terminal and a dendrite.

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11
Q

______ contribute to chemical neurotransmission by supplying the building blocks for neurotransmitters or by cleaning up excess neurotransmitters. A) Glial cells B) Dendrites C) Receptors D) Neurons

A

A) Glial cells

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12
Q

The contents of a synaptic vesicle include: A) neurotransmitters. B) structural proteins. C) DNA. D) neurotransmitters, structural proteins, and DNA.

A

A) neurotransmitters.

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13
Q

Axon terminals are found on the ______ whereas dendritic spines are found on the ______. A) postsynaptic membrane; presynaptic membrane B) soma; neuron C) presynaptic membrane; postsynaptic membrane D) neuron; synapse

A

C) presynaptic membrane; postsynaptic membrane

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14
Q

Neurons in which the ion channels from one cell connect directly with ion channels on another cell are called: A) gap junctions. B) electrical synapses. C) chemical synapses. D) Both gap junctions and electrical synapses are correct

A

D) Both gap junctions and electrical synapses are correct

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15
Q

______ store several vesicles containing neurotransmitters. A) Storage granules B) Synaptic vesicles C) Transporter proteins D) Golgi bodies

A

A) Storage granules

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16
Q

Which of the following would not be found at the axon terminal? A) mitochondria B) cell membrane C) synaptic vesicles D) axon hillock

A

D) axon hillock

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17
Q

Electrical synapses: A) do not exist in mammals. B) are relatively rare in mammals. C) are roughly 50 percent of all mammalian synapses. D) are the prime mechanism of neurotransmission in mammals

A

B) are relatively rare in mammals.

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18
Q

Compared with chemical synapses, electrical synapses: A) transmit messages faster. B) transmit messages more slowly. C) require more metabolic energy. D) do not require presynaptic activation.

A

A) transmit messages faster.

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19
Q

There are more chemical synapses than electrical synapses in the mammalian nervous system because chemical synapses: A) transmit signals more quickly. B) allow better control of messages passed between neurons. C) send only excitatory signals. D) cannot be modified by learning.

A

B) allow better control of messages passed between neurons

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20
Q

Precursor chemicals that form the building blocks for neurotransmitters are absorbed from the: A) mitochondria. B) blood. C) cell nucleus. D) Golgi apparatus.

A

B) blood.

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21
Q

Protein molecules that pump substances across a membrane are called: A) microfilaments. B) microtubules. C) transporters. D) microvehicles

A

C) transporters.

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22
Q

Neurotransmitters are produced in the: A) cell body. B) presynaptic terminals. C) Golgi body. D) cell body and presynaptic terminals.

A

D) cell body and presynaptic terminals.

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23
Q

Voltage-gated calcium ion channels that function in neurotransmission are primarily found on the: A) postsynaptic membrane. B) presynaptic membrane. C) synaptic vesicles. D) dendrites.

A

B) presynaptic membrane.

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24
Q

In order for neurotransmitters to be released, ______ must enter the terminal button. A) Na+ B) Ca2+ C) K+ D) Cl–

A

B) Ca2+

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25
Q

Immediately before neurotransmission, calcium ions entering the presynaptic membrane bind to: A) calcitonin. B) calmodulin. C) calretinin. D) calpactin.

A

B) calmodulin.

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26
Q

Ultimately Ca2+ serves to aid neural transmission by: A) causing an action potential. B) helping to make neurotransmitters. C) opening K+ channels on axon terminals. D) causing the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

A

D) causing the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.

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27
Q

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters via: A) endocytosis. B) pinocytosis. C) exocytosis. D) phagocytosis.

A

C) exocytosis.

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28
Q

Which of the following presynaptic events are in correct chronological order? A) calcium ion influx, action potential reaches axon terminal, vesicle fuses with membrane, diffusion of neurotransmitter B) action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion channels open, exocytosis, diffusion of neurotransmitter C) exocytosis, calcium ion influx, action potential reaches axon terminal, membrane depolarization D) action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion channels open, neurotransmitter diffusion, exocytosis

A

B) action potential reaches axon terminal, calcium ion channels open, exocytosis, diffusion of neurotransmitter

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29
Q

When a neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to a transmitter-activated receptor, which of the following may occur in the postsynaptic cell? A) membrane depolarization B) membrane hyperpolarization C) initiation of chemical reactions D) All of the answers are correct

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

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30
Q

Receptors on the presynaptic side that may be influenced by neurotransmitters are called: A) autoreceptors. B) presynaptic receptors. C) presynaptic terminals. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

A) autoreceptors.

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31
Q

For an action potential to be elicited: A) one quantum of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell. B) multiple quanta of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell. C) calcium ions must enter the postsynaptic cell. D) one quantum of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell, and calcium ions must enter the postsynaptic cell.

A

B) multiple quanta of neurotransmitter must be released from the presynaptic cell.

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32
Q

The number of quanta released from the presynaptic membrane is influenced by: A) the amount of Ca2+ that enters the presynaptic terminal. B) the number of vesicles docked at the presynaptic membrane. C) the number of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. D) both the amount of Ca2+ that enters and the number of vesicles docked on the presynaptic side.

A

D) both the amount of Ca2+ that enters and the number of vesicles docked on the presynaptic side

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33
Q

How is a neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft? A) diffusion B) enzymatic degradation C) uptake by surrounding glial cells D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

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34
Q

_____ is the deactivation of a neurotransmitter by transporter proteins that bring the transmitter back into the presynaptic side for reuse. A) Diffusion B) Enzymatic degradation C) Reuptake D) Neurochemical recycling

A

C) Reuptake

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35
Q

_____ is the process of neurotransmitter deactivation whereby the neurotransmitter simply leaves the synaptic cleft. A) Diffusion B) Enzymatic degradation C) Reuptake D) Glial uptake

A

A) Diffusion

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36
Q

______ is the deactivation of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by enzymes. A) Reuptake B) Degradation C) Breakdown D) Decay

A

B) Degradation

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37
Q

Reuptake is accomplished by: A) transporter proteins. B) glial cells. C) enzymes. D) both transporter proteins and glial cells

A

A) transporter proteins.

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38
Q

Transmitters are usually released in the blood via: A) axodendritic synapses. B) axosomatic synapses. C) axosecretory synapses. D) axoaxonic synapses.

A

C) axosecretory synapses.

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39
Q

______ synapses send signals from one dendrite to another dendrite. A) Axosomatic B) Axodendritic C) Dendodendritic D) Axosynaptic

A

C) Dendodendritic

40
Q

____ synapses send signals from an axon to a dendrite. A) Axosomatic B) Axodendritic C) Dendodendritic D) Axosynaptic

A

B) Axodendritic

41
Q

_____ synapses send signals from one axon to another axon. A) Axoaxonic B) Axodendritic C) Dendodendritic D) Axosynaptic

A

A) Axoaxonic

42
Q

_____ synapses are terminals that have no specific target. A) Axoextracellular B) Axosomatic C) Axodendritic D) Axosynaptic

A

A) Axoextracellular

43
Q

______ synapses send signals from an axon to a cell body. A) Axoextracellular B) Axosomatic C) Axodendritic D) Axosynaptic

A

B) Axosomatic

44
Q

When an axon terminal synapses on another axon terminal, it is called: A) an axosomatic synapse. B) an axoaxonic synapse. C) an axosynaptic synapse. D) an axodendritic synapse.

A

C) an axosynaptic synapse.

45
Q

Gap junctions are: A) axoaxonic synapses. B) dendodendritic synapses. C) somasomatic synapses. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

46
Q

Type II synapses are _____, whereas Type I synapses are_____. A) excitatory; inhibitory B) inhibitory, excitatory C) in the CNS; in the PNS D) in the brain; in the spinal cord

A

B) inhibitory, excitatory

47
Q

Which of the following best characterizes Type I and/or Type II synapses? A) Type I synapses are excitatory and have round synaptic vesicles. B) Type II synapses are inhibitory and have a greater postsynaptic density than Type I synapses. C) Type I synapses are inhibitory and have larger active zones than Type II synapses. D) Type II synapses are excitatory and have flattened synaptic vesicles.

A

A) Type I synapses are excitatory and have round synaptic vesicles.

48
Q
  1. Type I synapses are found on the ______, while Type II synapses are found on the ______. A) spines or dendritic shafts of the neuron; neuron cell body B) neuron cell body; spines and dendritic shafts of the neuron C) axons and axon terminals; neuron cell body D) neuron cell body; axons and axon terminals
A

A) spines or dendritic shafts of the neuron; neuron cell body

49
Q

The active zone on Type I synapses is ______ when compared with the active zone on Type II synapses. A) smaller B) larger C) the same size D) of varying size

A

B) larger

50
Q
  1. Which of the following statements regarding Type I and/or Type II synapses is not correct? A) Type II synapses have a larger active zones than Type I synapses. B) Type I synapses are located on dendritic spines. C) Type I synapses have round synaptic vesicles. D) Type II synapses have a narrower synaptic cleft.
A

A) Type II synapses have a larger active zones than Type I synapses.

51
Q

Which of the following criteria are used to determine if a substance is a neurotransmitter? I. The chemical must be synthesized in the neuron. II. When the neuron is active, the chemical is released and produces a response. III. Injection of the chemical mimics the effects of neuronal stimulation. IV. Mechanisms exist for the removal of the chemical. A) II, III, IV B) II and IV only C) I, II, III D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct

52
Q

A chemical that has not yet met all the conditions that constitute a neurotransmitter is referred to as a(n): A) chemical signaler. B) secondary messenger. C) putative neurotransmitter. D) unclassified neurotransmitter.

A

C) putative neurotransmitter.

53
Q

A Renshaw loop consists of: A) an interneuron that inhibits the activity of a motor neuron. B) a sensory neuron that increases the activity of a motor neuron. C) an interneuron that increases the activity of a motor neuron. D) a sensory neuron that increases the activity of an interneuron.

A

A) an interneuron that inhibits the activity of a motor neuron.

54
Q

Which of the following is not a classification type of neurotransmitter? A) small molecule B) nucleic acid C) gas D) peptide

A

B) nucleic acid

55
Q

Which of the following is not part of the amine subtype of small-molecule neurotransmitters? A) dopamine B) glycine C) serotonin D) norepinephrine

A

B) glycine

56
Q

Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetate and choline by: A) choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). B) choline acetylbinderase (ChAB). C) tyrosine hydroxylase. D) histamine.

A

A) choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).

57
Q

Acetylcholine is deactivated through: A) reuptake. B) diffusion. C) enzymatic degradation. D) glial reuptake.

A

C) enzymatic degradation.

58
Q

The rate by which dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine can be synthesized is controlled by a rate-limiting factor that is linked to the availability of: A) tryptophan. B) ChAT. C) tyrosine hydroxylase. D) histamine.

A

C) tyrosine hydroxylase.

59
Q

The rate-limiting factor of dopamine synthesis can be bypassed through the administration of: A) acetylcholine. B) L-dopa. C) tryptophan. D) norepinephrine.

A

B) L-dopa.

60
Q

Which of the following is not an amino acid neurotransmitter? A) dopamine B) glutamate C) histamine D) GABA

A

A) dopamine

61
Q

Which is the correct sequence of amine neurotransmitters? A) tyrosine, dopamine, L-dopa, epinephrine, norepinephrine B) L-dopa, tyrosine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine C) tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine D) tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

A

D) tyrosine, L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

62
Q

______ plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, aggression, and arousal. A) Norepinephrine B) Dopamine C) Acetylcholine D) Serotonin

A

D) Serotonin

63
Q

Which two neurotransmitters are synthesized from the same precursor molecule? A) glycine and dopamine B) glutamate and GABA C) histamine and serotonin D) acetylcholine and glycine

A

B) glutamate and GABA

64
Q

In the mammalian brain ______ is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter, and ______ is the main excitatory neurotransmitter. A) GABA; glycine B) GABA; glutamate C) glutamate; GABA D) glycine; glutamate

A

B) GABA; glutamate

65
Q

What is the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord? A) GABA B) glutamate C) glycine D) histamine

A

C) glycine

66
Q

In the nervous system, peptides play a role in: A) regulating feeding and drinking behavior. B) hormonal functions. C) pain and pleasure regulation. D) regulating feeding and drinking behavior, hormonal functions, and pain and pleasure regulation.

A

D) regulating feeding and drinking behavior, hormonal functions, and pain and pleasure regulation.

67
Q

Met-enkephalin, leu-enkephalin, and beta-endorphin are endogenous neuropeptides whose function is mimicked by: A) opium. B) dopamine. C) morphine. D) both opium and morphine.

A

D) both opium and morphine.

68
Q

In the popular movie Awakenings, ______ was used to treat patients with a rare movement disorder that followed a severe influenza outbreak in the 1920s. A) acetylcholine B) norepinehphrine C) L-dopa D) dopamine

A

C) L-dopa

69
Q

Unlike small-molecule neurotransmitters, peptide transmitters: A) do not bind directly to ion channels. B) directly alter the voltage of the postsynaptic cell. C) indirectly influence cell structure and function. D) do not bind directly to ion channels, but they indirectly influence cell structure and function

A

D) do not bind directly to ion channels, but they indirectly influence cell structure and function.

70
Q

____ are a class of neurotransmitters that can act as hormones for fertility, childbirth, and lactation. A) Peptides B) Amines C) Transmitter gases D) None of the answers is correct.

A

A) Peptides

71
Q

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas neurotransmitter that: A) is stored in synaptic vesicles. B) is synthesized in the soma. C) dilates blood vessels in active areas. D) is degraded by digestive enzymes.

A

C) dilates blood vessels in active areas.

72
Q

Ionotropic receptors: A) change in shape when neurotransmitters bind to them. B) have no openings for ion diffusion. C) activate second messenger systems. D) are more metabolically expensive than metabotropic receptors.

A

A) change in shape when neurotransmitters bind to them.

73
Q

Ionotropic receptors consist of: A) a binding site. B) a pore. C) G proteins. D) both a binding site and a pore.

A

D) both a binding site and a pore.

74
Q

The opening of an ionotropic receptor can directly influence the movement of ______ ions across the neuronal membrane. A) Ca2+ B) Na+ C) K+ D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

75
Q

Metabotropic receptors consist of: A) complex units of membrane-spanning proteins. B) a single membrane-spanning protein. C) a single non–membrane-spanning protein. D) complex units of non–membrane-spanning proteins.

A

B) a single membrane-spanning protein.

76
Q

Which of the following terms is not associated with metabotropic receptors? A) second messengers B) G proteins C) alpha subunits D) All of these terms are associated with metabotropic receptors.

A

D) All of these terms are associated with metabotropic receptors.

77
Q

A second-messenger system can: A) alter ion flow through the membrane channels. B) cause a series of reactions that result in the formation of new membrane ion channels. C) initiate the production of new proteins. D) All of the answers are correct.

A

D) All of the answers are correct.

78
Q

What chemicals are the first messenger? A) G proteins B) alpha subunits C) neurotransmitters D) sodium ions

A

C) neurotransmitters

79
Q

Neurotransmitters are identified by which of the following criteria? A) synthesis B) release C) receptor activation D) synthesis, release, and receptor activation

A

D) synthesis, release, and receptor activation

80
Q

Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter for: A) all skeletal motor synapses. B) 95 percent of skeletal motor synapses. C) half of skeletal motor synapses. D) no skeletal motor synapses.

A

A) all skeletal motor synapses.

81
Q

All neurons leaving the spinal cord have: A) acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. B) dopamine as a neurotransmitter. C) GABA as a neurotransmitter. D) both dopamine and GABA as neurotransmitters.

A

A) acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.

82
Q

______ activates the sympathetic nervous system, whereas ______ activates the parasympathetic nervous system. A) Norepinephrine; epinephrine B) Norepinephrine; acetylcholine C) Acetylcholine; norepinephrine D) Epinephrine; norepinephrine

A

B) Norepinephrine; acetylcholine

83
Q

Which of the following is not one of the activating systems in the CNS? A) glutamate B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine

A

A) glutamate

84
Q

Which of the following activating system–cell body location pairs is not correct? A) Acetylcholine, basal forebrain B) Norepinephrine, locus coeruleus C) Dopamine, substantia nigra D) Serotonin, ventral tegmentum

A

D) Serotonin, ventral tegmentum

85
Q

Acetylcholine has been related to: A) depression. B) schizophrenia. C) Alzheimer’s disease. D) mania.

A

C) Alzheimer’s disease.

86
Q

Dopamine may be related to: A) depression. B) schizophrenia. C) Alzheimer’s disease. D) mania.

A

B) schizophrenia.

87
Q

Mania has been related to: A) acetylcholine. B) dopamine. C) norepinephrine. D) serotonin.

A

C) norepinephrine.

88
Q

Serotonin has been related to: A) depression. B) schizophrenia. C) Alzheimer’s disease. D) mania.

A

A) depression.

89
Q

Habituation is the result of: A) sensory neurons not being able to produce action potentials. B) motor neurons not being able to produce action potentials. C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials being smaller. D) both sensory and motor neurons not being able to produce action potentials.

A

C) excitatory postsynaptic potentials being smaller

90
Q

The neural basis of habituation: A) involves calcium ion influx decrease. B) involves calcium ion influx increase. C) occurs postsynaptically. D) involves calcium ion influx increase and occurs postsynaptically.

A

A) involves calcium ion influx decrease.

91
Q

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked with: A) an increased response to stimuli. B) a decreased response to stimuli. C) a decrease in acetylcholine. D) a decreased response to stimuli and a decrease in acetylcholine

A

A) an increased response to stimuli.

92
Q

The neural basis of sensitization: A) involves a decrease in calcium ion influx. B) involves an increase in calcium ion influx. C) takes place in potassium channels. D) involves an increase in calcium ion influx and takes place in potassium channels.

A

D) involves an increase in calcium ion influx and takes place in potassium channels.

93
Q

Repeated stimulation may cause: A) sensitization. B) habituation. C) associative behaviors. D) sensitization, habitation, and associative behaviors

A

D) sensitization, habitation, and associative behaviors.

94
Q

It has been found that in well-trained and habituated Aplysia, the number of sensory synapses: A) decreases but the size stays constant. B) stays constant but the size decreases. C) decreases and the size increases. D) decreases and the size decreases.

A

D) decreases and the size decreases.

95
Q

Increasing the number of synapses to account for learning involves _____, leading to the activation of _____, a second messenger. A) calcium; cGMP B) potassium; cAMP C) calcium; cAMP D) sodium; cGMP

A

C) calcium; cAMP

96
Q

In fruit flies, which mutation(s) may lead to impairments in the acquisition of habituation? A) dunce B) rutabaga C) collin D) dunce and rutabaga

A

D) dunce and rutabaga

97
Q

Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Dendritic spines contain a variety of protein molecules. B) Dendritic spines are designed to act only in unison. C) Dendritic spines may appear or disappear on a dendrite in a matter of seconds. D) Dendritic spines, when forming a synapse, can change in size and shape and can even divide.

A

B) Dendritic spines are designed to act only in unison.

An introduction to Brain and Behaviour (8 decks)

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