Chapter 6 Everyday Memory Flashcards
6.1 What is Memory?
a system and processes involved in encoding, storing and retrieving information
6.1short term memory
- limited capacity and short duration
- information fades if not attended to or moved to Long term memory
6.1Long term memory
- vast capacity, long duration
- information is stored in and retrieved from long-term storage.
6.2 definition of fallible
memories can be lost of distorted
6.2 mnemonic strategies
method of loci and visualization
6.2 Method of Loci
A memory technique in which a person imagines walking through a familiar space, such as their house, and placing different pieces of information at each location.
6.2 Visualization
creating novel mental images to represent aspects of the encoded information
6.3 Encoding
multi-stage process that allows us ultimately to store memories in long-term memory.
6.3 Encoding stages
sensory memory
ionic memory
6.3 sensory memory
a highly detailed but short lived impressions of sensory information
6.3 ionic memory
visual sensory memory is one type of sensory memory
6.3 Encoding startegies
chunking, elaboration
6.3 chunking
organizing stream of dat (letters, numbers, words into meaningful combination)
6.3 Metamemory
an understanding of how our own memory works which helps us use these strategies more efficiently
6.3 Elaboration
linking the material you are trying to learn to knowledge already in your long-term memory
6.3 Depth of encoding
depends on what you attend to during encoding.
- shallow encoding
- intermediate encoding
- deep encoding
6.3 shallow encoding
Is the word in uppercase of lowercase letters?
6.3 intermediate encoding
does the word rhyme with “brain”
6.3 deep encoding
would the word fit in the following sentence: “the girl caught a ____ into philadelphia”?
6.3 spacing effect
studying in shorter, space out study sessions yield better memory than does cramming
Ebbinghaus suggested that
distributed practice was better than massed practice
6.3 Retrieval
accessing memories from storage
6.3 testing effect
The phenomenon whereby practice retrieving information (e.g., while taking a test) improves memory of that material.
6.3 generation effect
enhanced memory for a self generated list of items relative to items that were passively memorized
6.3 Testing effect vs Generation effect
Consistent with the testing effect, those who studied once and then were tested three times forgot the least amount of material by a week later.
6.3 Retrieval cues
clues in the environment or in our stores representation of experiences
6.3 types of retrieval cues
context dependent memory
state dependent memory
mood dependent memory
6.4 autobiographical memory
memory for the events in ones life
6.4 infantile amnesia
inability to remember the earliest years of our lives
6.4 Hyperthymestic syndrome
a rare condition in which people have significantly superior autobiographical memory
6.4 Flashbulb memories
vivid memories associated with particularly emotional events
(often inaccurate)
(seem vivid and are associated with greater confidence, but they’re just as susceptible to distortion as everyday memories are)
6.5 Memory Failures
transience
absent
mindedness
blocking
misattribution
suggestibility
bias
persistence
6.5 Transience
the fading of memories over time
6.5 Savings measure
how much less you would need to study material in a second study session, compared with a first in order to learn it perfectly
6.5 Source Misattribution
confusions about the sources of our memories
6.5 2 types of source misattribution
- external source monitoring
- internal source monitoring
6.5 Source confusion
trouble distinguishing memories of external events from memories of internally generated information e.g, false memory effect
6.5 Memory Suggestibility
the altering of memory through leading questions and cues
6.5 2 types of Bias
schemas: knowledge or expectations about an event, which lead to bias
consistency bias: a tendency to remember the impact of events through the lens of their impact on us today
6.6 double-blind lineup
officers supervising the lineup are not aware of who the suspect is
6.6 sequential lineup
lineup members are shown one at a time
6.6 simultaneous lineup
lineup members are shown simultaneously
6.6 cognitive interview
asking mostly open-ended questions at a slow pace to allow to focus on their memory.
