Chapter 6 Everyday Memory

Question 1

6.1 What is Memory?

Answer 1

a system and processes involved in encoding, storing and retrieving information

Question 2

6.1short term memory

Answer 2

• limited capacity and short duration
• information fades if not attended to or moved to Long term memory

Question 3

6.1Long term memory

Answer 3

• vast capacity, long duration
• information is stored in and retrieved from long-term storage.

Question 4

6.2 definition of fallible

Answer 4

memories can be lost of distorted

Question 5

6.2 mnemonic strategies

Answer 5

method of loci and visualization

Question 6

6.2 Method of Loci

Answer 6

A memory technique in which a person imagines walking through a familiar space, such as their house, and placing different pieces of information at each location.

Question 7

6.2 Visualization

Answer 7

creating novel mental images to represent aspects of the encoded information

Question 8

6.3 Encoding

Answer 8

multi-stage process that allows us ultimately to store memories in long-term memory.

Question 9

6.3 Encoding stages

Answer 9

sensory memory
ionic memory

Question 10

6.3 sensory memory

Answer 10

a highly detailed but short lived impressions of sensory information

Question 11

6.3 ionic memory

Answer 11

visual sensory memory is one type of sensory memory

Question 12

6.3 Encoding startegies

Answer 12

chunking, elaboration

Question 13

6.3 chunking

Answer 13

organizing stream of dat (letters, numbers, words into meaningful combination)

Question 14

6.3 Metamemory

Answer 14

an understanding of how our own memory works which helps us use these strategies more efficiently

Question 15

6.3 Elaboration

Answer 15

linking the material you are trying to learn to knowledge already in your long-term memory

Question 16

6.3 Depth of encoding

Answer 16

depends on what you attend to during encoding.
- shallow encoding
- intermediate encoding
- deep encoding

Question 17

6.3 shallow encoding

Answer 17

Is the word in uppercase of lowercase letters?

Question 18

6.3 intermediate encoding

Answer 18

does the word rhyme with “brain”

Question 19

6.3 deep encoding

Answer 19

would the word fit in the following sentence: “the girl caught a ____ into philadelphia”?

Question 20

6.3 spacing effect

Answer 20

studying in shorter, space out study sessions yield better memory than does cramming

Question 21

Ebbinghaus suggested that

Answer 21

distributed practice was better than massed practice

Question 22

6.3 Retrieval

Answer 22

accessing memories from storage

Question 23

6.3 testing effect

Answer 23

The phenomenon whereby practice retrieving information (e.g., while taking a test) improves memory of that material.

Question 24

6.3 generation effect

Answer 24

enhanced memory for a self generated list of items relative to items that were passively memorized

Question 25

6.3 Testing effect vs Generation effect

Answer 25

Consistent with the testing effect, those who studied once and then were tested three times forgot the least amount of material by a week later.

Question 26

6.3 Retrieval cues

Answer 26

clues in the environment or in our stores representation of experiences

Question 27

6.3 types of retrieval cues

Answer 27

context dependent memory
state dependent memory
mood dependent memory

Question 28

6.4 autobiographical memory

Answer 28

memory for the events in ones life

Question 29

6.4 infantile amnesia

Answer 29

inability to remember the earliest years of our lives

Question 30

6.4 Hyperthymestic syndrome

Answer 30

a rare condition in which people have significantly superior autobiographical memory

Question 31

6.4 Flashbulb memories

Answer 31

vivid memories associated with particularly emotional events
(often inaccurate)
(seem vivid and are associated with greater confidence, but they’re just as susceptible to distortion as everyday memories are)

Question 32

6.5 Memory Failures

Answer 32

transience
absent
mindedness
blocking
misattribution
suggestibility
bias
persistence

Question 33

6.5 Transience

Answer 33

the fading of memories over time

Question 34

6.5 Savings measure

Answer 34

how much less you would need to study material in a second study session, compared with a first in order to learn it perfectly

Question 35

6.5 Source Misattribution

Answer 35

confusions about the sources of our memories

Question 36

6.5 2 types of source misattribution

Answer 36

• external source monitoring
• internal source monitoring

Question 37

6.5 Source confusion

Answer 37

trouble distinguishing memories of external events from memories of internally generated information e.g, false memory effect

Question 38

6.5 Memory Suggestibility

Answer 38

the altering of memory through leading questions and cues

Question 39

6.5 2 types of Bias

Answer 39

schemas: knowledge or expectations about an event, which lead to bias

consistency bias: a tendency to remember the impact of events through the lens of their impact on us today

Question 40

6.6 double-blind lineup

Answer 40

officers supervising the lineup are not aware of who the suspect is

Question 41

6.6 sequential lineup

Answer 41

lineup members are shown one at a time

Question 42

6.6 simultaneous lineup

Answer 42

lineup members are shown simultaneously

Question 43

6.6 cognitive interview

Answer 43

asking mostly open-ended questions at a slow pace to allow to focus on their memory.