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PSC 100 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER 2 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

prosopagnosia is… and is also called?

A

problem in seeing the differences between faces and having trouble remembering faces. also called face blindness

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2
Q

descartes is associated with..? and what is its definition?

A

dualism: The idea, that there is a distinction between the physical world, where the brain resides, and a nonphysical world, where the mind and soul reside.

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3
Q

modern psychologists believe in..?

A

materialism: the mind is entirely a product of the brain

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4
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience…?

A

is the interdisciplinary study of the neural mechanisms of cognition and behavior.

  • Focuses on role of brain mechanisms
  • Many clinical problems and behavioral disorders are linked to brain disorders
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5
Q

functional specialization is..?

A

The principle that different brain areas serve different perceptual and cognitive skills.

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6
Q

how. do neurons receive input…?

A

via dendrites

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7
Q

how dp neurons make decisions

A

through molecular interactions in the cell body or soma

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8
Q

how do neurons send info?

A

via axons!

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9
Q

what happens when a neurons receives a signal that is above the threshold..?

A

dendrites and soma will generate an action potential

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10
Q

action potentials cause the release of what chemicals?

A

neurotransmitters :D

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11
Q

synapses are p…?

A

plastic! which means their strength can change with learning and experience

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12
Q

what function do glial cells give to the neuron…?

A

they give structural and funcional support for neurons

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13
Q

sensory receptors do what..?

A

send environments info to the brains sensory neurons.

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14
Q

motor neurons do what…?

A

control motor output for speech or action.

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15
Q

how many hemispheres in the brain divided into..?

A

2 the left and right hemisphere

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16
Q

which hemisphere controls what side of the body?

A

sensory and motor information for the right side of the body, while the right hemisphere processes the left side of the body.

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17
Q

what tends to be stronger in the left hemisphere?

A

language function

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18
Q

what tends to be stronger in the right hemisphere?

A

visiospatial tasks are more concentrated in the right hemisphere.

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19
Q

what connects the hemispheres?

A

the corpus callosum, which is a massive bundle of axons.

20
Q

the outer layer of the hemispheres is called the…?

A

cerebral cortex

21
Q

a groove ( kind of inner groove in the brain) is called

A

sulcus

22
Q

a bump on the outer part of the brain is called

A

gyrus

23
Q

how many lobes are there in the brain and what are their names?

A

4, occipital, temporal, frontal and parietal

24
Q

the occipital lobe controls..?

A

visual perception

25
Q

the temporal lobe controls…?

A

complex percpetion, memory and language

26
Q

the frontal lobe controls…?

A

thinking, planning, and decisions making.

27
Q

the parietal lobe controls..?

A

visuospatial functions

28
Q

spatial resolution entails

A

being able to pinpoint WHERE neural activity occurs

29
Q

temporal resolution entails..?

A

ability to pinpoint WHEN neural activity occurs

30
Q

invasivness entails

A

the AMOUNT of impact a method has on an individuals brain

31
Q

the discoveries of these 2 areas supported materialism over dualism

A

brocas area, and werickes area

32
Q

brocas area is..?

A

left frontal lobe, controls the motor aspect of language

33
Q

wernickes area

A

left temporal lobe controls the understanding on language

34
Q

what is electrophysiology?

A

the study of direct electrical activity of neurons measured by inserted electrodes

35
Q

what is Electrocorticography (ECoG)

A

are intercranial recordings, used to localize seizure activity. Guides surgery to remove minimal amount of brain tissue. think of open brain picture . kind of invasive

36
Q

EEG or Electroencephalography

A
  • less invasive recording of neural activity using scalp electrodes
    • aggravate activity of millions to billions of neurons
    • limited spatial resolution
    • high temporal resolution
    • can look at different states of consciousness and sleep
    • can see large oscillating waves in epileptics.
37
Q

FmRI or Funtional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

Provides detailed views of internal structures and noninvasive measures of brain activity. scans brain and provides picture.

38
Q

FMRI subtraction method

A

allows for comparison of the patterns of the brain activity for two categories or stimuli.

39
Q

Blood oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD)

A

signal increases with increased brain activity.- Neurons use more oxygen when active.
- The BOLD signal can be plotted on the structural image to show where brain activity is changing.
- Helps clinicians predict deficits with damage.
- Identifies regions of interest (ROIs) for future testing.

40
Q

reverse inference

A

Inferring what someone is thinking or feeling by observing brain activity.

41
Q

what is Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • Temporarily disrupt brain activity using focal magnetic pulses targeted over different areas of the scalp
  • Help determine if a brain region is needed for a function
  • Noninvasive
  • think of someone using a scope or tool directly (hovering) above someones head
42
Q

What is Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

A

is a portable, wearable brain stimulation technique that delivers a low electric current to the scalp.
- Increases or decreases the likelihood of neuronal firing
- Evidence for increasing motor learning and working memory

43
Q

Genotype

A

entire set of genes an individual carries

44
Q

phenotype

A

Phenotype refers to an individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color and blood type. A person’s phenotype is determined by both their genomic makeup (genotype) and environmental factors.

45
Q

Behavioral Genetics studies what..?

A

the field that attempts to link behavior (phenotypes) and genes (genotypes).
- Understanding the interaction between genes and environment is crucial for isolating genetic influences

46
Q

epigenetics

A

The study of external factors that affect how genes operate.

PSC 100 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (5 decks)

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