CHAPTER 3 COG PSYCH PERCEPTION AND MENTAL IMAGERY

Question 1

Both types of mental imagery are

Answer 1

visual and verbal imagery

Question 2

behavioral evidence suggests…?

Answer 2

we manipulate mental images in a way that is similar to how we manipulate physical objects and places.

Question 3

define our blind spot?

Answer 3

An area toward the outside of the visual field corresponding to where the optic nerve passes through the retina, and where there is no visual stimulation due to an absence of photoreceptors.

Question 4

what is modal completion?

Answer 4

is the ability to see an entire object despite parts of it being covered by another object in front of it.

Question 5

what is amodal completion?

Answer 5

the ability to see an entire object despite parts of it being covered by another object in front of it

Question 6

what is visual cognition?

Answer 6

The field of psychology that studies how cognitive processes contribute to perception.

Question 7

mental imagery (lecture)

Answer 7

Processing of perceptual-like information in the absence of
an external source for that information

Question 8

mental imagery includes (lecture)

Answer 8

deliberately forming an image
rehearsing
daydreaming
planning layouts and routes

Question 9

perception depends on what kind of info?

Answer 9

bottom up and top down information

Question 10

bottom up information is …?

Answer 10

is the sensory input, such as an image coming through the eyes and falling on the retina (the light-sensitive part of our eyes), or sounds impinging on the ears, stimulating the cochlea.

information traveling “up” from the stimuli, via the senses, to the brain which then interprets it, relatively passively

Question 11

retina is the part of the eye that

Answer 11

is very light sensitive

Question 12

photorecpetors are

Answer 12

Specialized cells on the retina at the back of each eye, sensitive to light.

Question 13

the center of the retina is the

Answer 13

fovea

Question 14

densely packed photoreceptors are called

Answer 14

cones, and cone are Specialized cells on the retina at the back of each eye, sensitive to light.

Question 15

extremely light sensitive photoreceptors are known as

Answer 15

rods, and rods come in handy when light is very dim.

Question 16

sensation is the

Answer 16

stimulation of receptors

Question 17

transduction is

Answer 17

The process by which physical signals from the environment are translated to neural signals the brain can use.

Question 18

primary visual cortex is

Answer 18

The process by which physical signals from the environment are translated to neural signals the brain can use.

Question 19

the feedforward system is

Answer 19

a hierarchical account of the flow of visual information processing, from rudimentary visual features to increasingly complex visual processing.

Question 20

top down information is

Answer 20

perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge. In other words, you use what you already know to make sense of the new information you encounter

Question 21

unconscious ineference is

Answer 21

The perceptual process of making educated guesses based on visual clues, without being aware of this process.

Question 22

Predicitove coding is

Answer 22

The ability of the visual brain to predict what input the eyes are about to receive.

Question 23

object segmentation is

Answer 23

The visual assignment of the elements of a scene to separate objects and backgrounds.

Question 24

figure ground organization

Answer 24

The perceptual segmentation of a visual scene into objects (“figure”) and backgrounds (“ground”).

For example, black words on a printed paper are seen as the “figure”, and the white sheet as the “background”

Question 25

occlusion refers to

Answer 25

When a vein in the retina becomes blocked, it’s called retinal vein occlusion. This can give you blurry vision or even sudden permanent blindness in that eye.

Question 26

boundary extension

Answer 26

A phenomenon in which people tend to remember pictures as having extended beyond their edges.

Question 27

inverse projecion

Answer 27

The challenge our visual system faces in enabling us to perceive a three-dimensional world despite the input to our eyes being a two-dimensional projection.

Question 28

binocular disparity

Answer 28

A phenomenon in which the closer something is to you, the greater the difference between what your two eyes see

Question 29

binocular depth cues

Answer 29

visual images captured by 2 eyes that determine how far something is.

Question 30

monocular depth cues

Answer 30

Visual cues that the mind uses to construct a three-dimensional understanding when the eyes have the same view.

Question 31

Linear perspective

Answer 31

The phenomenon by which parallel lines appear to move closer together and converge on a single point (a vanishing point) as they recede into the distance.

Question 32

texture gradient

Answer 32

The phenomenon by which textural elements that are presumably of similar size appear to get smaller and more densely packed together as they recede into the distance.

Question 33

object constancy

Answer 33

The ability to recognize objects despite different orientations, lighting, and other variation.

Question 34

size constancy

Answer 34

The ability to perceive the sizes of objects as stable despite radical differences in their image size, which vary with distance, on the retina.

Question 35

color constancy

Answer 35

In color perception, the ability to factor in differences in illumination.

Question 36

lightness constancy

Answer 36

In brightness perception, the ability to factor in illumination conditions.

Question 37

agnosia

Answer 37

A visual condition involving difficulty recognizing objects.

Question 38

apperceptive agnosia

Answer 38

The inability to perform simple visual feature tasks, implying impaired object recognition stems from deficits in early vision.

Question 39

associative agnosia

Answer 39

difficulty with understanding the meaning of what they are seeing. They can draw or copy but do not know what they have drawn.

Question 40

view based approach

Answer 40

In the study of object recognition, the idea that we match real-world images to mental representations that are like two-dimensional pictures, or templates.

Question 41

structural description

Answer 41

Models that represent objects as sets of three-dimensional parts organized in spatial relationships to each other.

Question 42

recognition by components

Answer 42

A model proposed by Biederman to explain object recognition according to basic shapes or component parts, called geons.

Question 43

hollistic perception of object and faces

Answer 43

The processing of a whole object at once, including the relations of the individual parts to each other.

faces are processed in terms of wholes rather than as a collection of parts or features.

Question 44

multiple trace memory model

Answer 44

The idea that we store multiple mental representations corresponding to multiple views (or templates) of the same object, allowing us to quickly match an incoming object to the corresponding representation.

Question 45

perception pathway

Answer 45

A mental pathway that allows us to determine what is located where.

Question 46

action pathway

Answer 46

A visual pathway in the brain that uses perceptual information to guide ongoing actions.

Question 47

mental imagery

Answer 47

The ability of the mind to construct images without immediate input from the environment.

Question 48

aphantasia

Answer 48

An inability to engage in mental imagery.

Question 49

mental rotation

Answer 49

The ability of the mind to compare and match rotated images.

Question 50

depictive

Answer 50

In mental imagery, referring to the view that the brain creates representations of mental images the same way it creates real images perceived through the eyes.

Question 51

propositional

Answer 51

Referring to the view that mental images are held in a post-perceptual, abstract way, more like a linguistic description than a picture.

Question 52

mental scanning

Answer 52

The process of moving from one point in a mental image to another.

Question 53

epiphenomenon

Answer 53

a secondary effect or byproduct that arises from but does not causally influence a process.

Question 54

spatial neglect

Answer 54

Following a brain injury, the failure to process stimuli on one side of the visual field.

Question 55

visual and verbal imagery are both

Answer 55

types of mental imagery

Question 56

behavioral evidence suggests

Answer 56

we manipulate mental images in a way similar
to how we manipulate physical objects and places.

Question 57

neuro evidence suggests

Answer 57

the same areas of the brain are active during
perception and imagery tasks given same object/task

Question 58

images often lack same detail

Answer 58

and extent of visual cortex involvement

Question 59

1 useful kind of vidual image is

Answer 59

the survey cognitive map

Question 60

survery maps make use of visual info

Answer 60

like maps on i phone

Question 61

route maps are

Answer 61

verbal, like siri giving u directions.