CHAPTER 3 COG PSYCH PERCEPTION AND MENTAL IMAGERY Flashcards
Both types of mental imagery are
visual and verbal imagery
behavioral evidence suggests…?
we manipulate mental images in a way that is similar to how we manipulate physical objects and places.
define our blind spot?
An area toward the outside of the visual field corresponding to where the optic nerve passes through the retina, and where there is no visual stimulation due to an absence of photoreceptors.
what is modal completion?
is the ability to see an entire object despite parts of it being covered by another object in front of it.
what is amodal completion?
the ability to see an entire object despite parts of it being covered by another object in front of it
what is visual cognition?
The field of psychology that studies how cognitive processes contribute to perception.
mental imagery (lecture)
Processing of perceptual-like information in the absence of
an external source for that information
mental imagery includes (lecture)
deliberately forming an image
rehearsing
daydreaming
planning layouts and routes
perception depends on what kind of info?
bottom up and top down information
bottom up information is …?
is the sensory input, such as an image coming through the eyes and falling on the retina (the light-sensitive part of our eyes), or sounds impinging on the ears, stimulating the cochlea.
information traveling “up” from the stimuli, via the senses, to the brain which then interprets it, relatively passively
retina is the part of the eye that
is very light sensitive
photorecpetors are
Specialized cells on the retina at the back of each eye, sensitive to light.
the center of the retina is the
fovea
densely packed photoreceptors are called
cones, and cone are Specialized cells on the retina at the back of each eye, sensitive to light.
extremely light sensitive photoreceptors are known as
rods, and rods come in handy when light is very dim.
sensation is the
stimulation of receptors
transduction is
The process by which physical signals from the environment are translated to neural signals the brain can use.
primary visual cortex is
The process by which physical signals from the environment are translated to neural signals the brain can use.
the feedforward system is
a hierarchical account of the flow of visual information processing, from rudimentary visual features to increasingly complex visual processing.
top down information is
perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge. In other words, you use what you already know to make sense of the new information you encounter
unconscious ineference is
The perceptual process of making educated guesses based on visual clues, without being aware of this process.
Predicitove coding is
The ability of the visual brain to predict what input the eyes are about to receive.
object segmentation is
The visual assignment of the elements of a scene to separate objects and backgrounds.
figure ground organization
The perceptual segmentation of a visual scene into objects (“figure”) and backgrounds (“ground”).
For example, black words on a printed paper are seen as the “figure”, and the white sheet as the “background”
occlusion refers to
When a vein in the retina becomes blocked, it’s called retinal vein occlusion. This can give you blurry vision or even sudden permanent blindness in that eye.
boundary extension
A phenomenon in which people tend to remember pictures as having extended beyond their edges.
inverse projecion
The challenge our visual system faces in enabling us to perceive a three-dimensional world despite the input to our eyes being a two-dimensional projection.
binocular disparity
A phenomenon in which the closer something is to you, the greater the difference between what your two eyes see
binocular depth cues
visual images captured by 2 eyes that determine how far something is.
monocular depth cues
Visual cues that the mind uses to construct a three-dimensional understanding when the eyes have the same view.
Linear perspective
The phenomenon by which parallel lines appear to move closer together and converge on a single point (a vanishing point) as they recede into the distance.
texture gradient
The phenomenon by which textural elements that are presumably of similar size appear to get smaller and more densely packed together as they recede into the distance.
object constancy
The ability to recognize objects despite different orientations, lighting, and other variation.
size constancy
The ability to perceive the sizes of objects as stable despite radical differences in their image size, which vary with distance, on the retina.
color constancy
In color perception, the ability to factor in differences in illumination.
lightness constancy
In brightness perception, the ability to factor in illumination conditions.
agnosia
A visual condition involving difficulty recognizing objects.
apperceptive agnosia
The inability to perform simple visual feature tasks, implying impaired object recognition stems from deficits in early vision.
associative agnosia
difficulty with understanding the meaning of what they are seeing. They can draw or copy but do not know what they have drawn.
view based approach
In the study of object recognition, the idea that we match real-world images to mental representations that are like two-dimensional pictures, or templates.
structural description
Models that represent objects as sets of three-dimensional parts organized in spatial relationships to each other.
recognition by components
A model proposed by Biederman to explain object recognition according to basic shapes or component parts, called geons.
hollistic perception of object and faces
The processing of a whole object at once, including the relations of the individual parts to each other.
faces are processed in terms of wholes rather than as a collection of parts or features.
multiple trace memory model
The idea that we store multiple mental representations corresponding to multiple views (or templates) of the same object, allowing us to quickly match an incoming object to the corresponding representation.
perception pathway
A mental pathway that allows us to determine what is located where.
action pathway
A visual pathway in the brain that uses perceptual information to guide ongoing actions.
mental imagery
The ability of the mind to construct images without immediate input from the environment.
aphantasia
An inability to engage in mental imagery.
mental rotation
The ability of the mind to compare and match rotated images.
depictive
In mental imagery, referring to the view that the brain creates representations of mental images the same way it creates real images perceived through the eyes.
propositional
Referring to the view that mental images are held in a post-perceptual, abstract way, more like a linguistic description than a picture.
mental scanning
The process of moving from one point in a mental image to another.
epiphenomenon
a secondary effect or byproduct that arises from but does not causally influence a process.
spatial neglect
Following a brain injury, the failure to process stimuli on one side of the visual field.
visual and verbal imagery are both
types of mental imagery
behavioral evidence suggests
we manipulate mental images in a way similar
to how we manipulate physical objects and places.
neuro evidence suggests
the same areas of the brain are active during
perception and imagery tasks given same object/task
images often lack same detail
and extent of visual cortex involvement
1 useful kind of vidual image is
the survey cognitive map
survery maps make use of visual info
like maps on i phone
route maps are
verbal, like siri giving u directions.
