CHAPTER 1 WHAT IS COG PSYCH?

Question 1

what is cognitve psychology?

Answer 1

is the scientific study of how the mind encodes, stores and uses information.

Question 2

what objective measures does cog psych use?

Answer 2

both behavioral and neural

Question 3

what does cog psych test or try to understand?

Answer 3

how the mind encodes, stores, and uses information about the environment

Question 4

what are some topics that cog psych covers?

Answer 4

attention, memory, reasoning, and decision making, among other aspects of information processing

Question 5

what are mental representations?

Answer 5

roughly defined the mind’s way of storing and processing information about the world.

Question 6

what are computations?

Answer 6

The processing steps the brain performs on information about the environment.

Question 7

When thinking of cognition at 3 different levels what are they?

Answer 7

computational, algorithmic, implementation

Question 8

what does computational perception of cognition entail?

Answer 8

Tries to understand what the mind is trying to compute and why

Question 9

what does the algorithmic level of analysis entail?

Answer 9

aims to understand the rules, mechanisms, and representations the mind uses.

Question 10

what does the implementational level of analysis entail?

Answer 10

seeks to know what happens in the brain to enable cognition.

Question 11

regarding ancient beginnings who was questioning ideas of human cognition

Answer 11

socrates & plato

Question 12

what did socrates and plato believe about human cognition?

Answer 12

people possess innate knowledge, and probing questions enable access to this innate knowledge.

Question 13

what is introspection?

Answer 13

A method whereby some early psychologists attempted to objectively observe their own mental experiences.

Question 14

what is behaviorism?

Answer 14

A psychological movement characterized by its focus only on outwardly observable behavior.

Question 15

Herman von helmholtz did what kind of work and suggested what?

Answer 15

He did work on nerve physiology. most importantly this person suggested the mind must actively engage in relatively automatic unconscious inference, in which the mind makes “best guesses” in order to turn sensory impulses into percepts of the external world.

Question 16

what is an unconscious inference?

Answer 16

The perceptual process of making educated guesses based on visual clues, without being aware of this process.

Question 17

Who was Donders and what significant impact did they make?

Answer 17

Hypothesized that the speed of higher mental processes could be similarly measured as the speed of nerve transmission. Discovered the subtraction method.

Question 18

What is the subtraction method?

Answer 18

his subtraction method), one could isolate the time involved in a particular mental process.

Question 19

What did Ebbinghaus believe?

Answer 19

established the forgetting curve. believed that higher mental functions such as memory could be understood via experimentation.

Question 20

what is the forgetting curve and who made it?

Answer 20

the forgetting curve is the role of repetition in memory and the rate at which forgetting occurs, and it was made famous by ebbinghaus

Question 21

What is the gesalt movement?

Answer 21

An early-twentieth-century movement promoting the idea that conscious experience as a whole cannot be sufficiently explained by examining individual components.

Question 22

Behaviorists believed that…?

Answer 22

understanding the mind had to be achieved through purely objective measures.

Question 23

What was objective and could be seen and measured? (behaviorism)

Answer 23

stimuli and responses

Question 24

the kinds of conditioning in behaviorism are…?

Answer 24

classical and operant

Question 25

what is classical conditioning

Answer 25

A form of learning in which observable changes in behavior result from learned associations between stimuli.

Question 26

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 26

Learning in which observable changes in behavior result from associations between an organism’s actions and desired or undesired outcomes.

rewards= increase in behavior
punishment= decrease in behavior

Question 27

when did the cognitive revolution start

Answer 27

50s and 60s and continued through the 70s

Question 28

what lead to the cognitive revolution?

Answer 28

increasing numbers of researchers decided behaviorism could not explain psychological phenomena. and new tools and models were used for thinking abt cognition.

Question 29

noam chomsky argued

Answer 29

behaviorist way of thinking of language was WRONG and children dont learn language through imitation and reinforcement.

Question 30

edward tolman discovered

Answer 30

rats made mental maps of mazes therefore they built cognitive maps.

Question 31

Claude shannon demonstrated

Answer 31

info can be thought of in terms of a source, a destination and noise in between

Question 32

The inform theory was made by and is?

Answer 32

claude shannon and the information theory focuses on the processes by which information can be coded, stored, transmitted, and reconstructed.

Question 33

alan turing// the turing test is..?

Answer 33

the belief that - If a human user can’t tell whether they’re interacting with a person or a machine, then we can say that the machine thinks and is intelligent

Question 34

Cognitive science is…

Answer 34

A formal effort to synthesize insights across diverse disciplines attempting to understand the mind.

Question 35

Cognitive neuroscience is…

Answer 35

The study of the neural mechanisms of cognition and behavior

Question 36

Cognitive primacy hypothesis is..?

Answer 36

perceivers must know what they are looking at before they can make an affective judgment about it

Question 37

the affective primacy hypothesis is..?

Answer 37

the hypothesis that an emotional response precedes cognitive interpretation.

Question 38

somatic marker hypothesis is..?

Answer 38

The hypothesis that people learn to link their physiological responses to outcomes associated with their actions.

Question 39

theory of constructed emotion…?

Answer 39

The theory that the experience of emotion is one we construct based on external cues, bodily cues, and our existing concepts and categories.