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Bio 112 > Chapter 6- Energy and Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Energy and Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes

How to pay for things on a cellular level by using ATP

Certain reactions yield or regular energy

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2
Q

Cells are governed by the laws of….?

A

Physics and chemistry

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3
Q

What is energy

A

Energy is defined as the capacity to do work (work= causing change) Ex: Changing something in a physical seeting

Energy is only transferred from one form to another

Energy can not come out of no where, it has to come from somewhere

Energy is like money

Energy never changes in total

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4
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change from one form to another

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5
Q

What are the 2 basic forms of energy?

A

Kinetic and Potential

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6
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

The energy of movement (Ex: Temperature)

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7
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy (not realized or used energy) (Ex: Elastic, Gravitational, Bond Energy)

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8
Q

Energy is _______ into the biological world from the sun

A

Transferred

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9
Q

Photosynthetic organisms ______ this energy using chloroplasts

A

Capture

Ex: Plants capture, energy from the sun

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10
Q

They then store the energy as ______ _____ in chemical bonds

A

Potential Energy

Energy is stored as chemical bonds (Potential Energy)

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11
Q

Then we eat these plants to ________ that energy to ourselves

A

Transfer

Ex: Other organisms eat the plants, therefore transfer energy from the plant to the other organism

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12
Q

Oxidation

A

OIL- Oxidation is losing ( an electron e-)

Atom or molecule loses an electron

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13
Q

Reduction

A

RIG- Reduction is gaining ( an electron e-)

Atom or molecule gains an electron

Higher level of energy than oxidized form

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14
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

A

REDOX

Reactions always paired

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15
Q

When electron is lost (Oxidation) the atom has what kind of energy?

A

Lower Energy

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16
Q

When electron is gained (Reduction) the atom has what kind of energy?

A

Highter Energy

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17
Q

2nd Law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy is always increasing

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18
Q

Entropy

A

Entropy=disorder

disorder is continuously increasing

Is spontaneous

Energy transformations proceed spontaneously to convert matter from a more ordered/less stable form to a less ordered/more stable form

Things are more likely to be disorganized than organized

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19
Q

The more covalent bonds means what?

A

More order

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20
Q

Entropy increases as you decrease the number of what?

A

Covalent bonds

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21
Q

Entropy increases with time and without what?

A

Intervention

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22
Q

Endergonic

A

Non-spontaneous

Products have more potential energy than reactants

Energy is needed “downhill reaction”

Ex: Building a glucose molecule

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23
Q

Exergonic

A

Spontaneous

Products have less potential energy than reactants

“downhill reaction”

Ex: Breaking down glucose molecule
Energy is released as a result

Activation energy is needed to get it going

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24
Q

In exergonic reaction the reactants have more potential energy than what?

A

The products

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25
Q

Activation Energy

A

Spontaneous reactions need “activation energy” to get going

Extra energy needed to destabilize existing bonds and initiate chemical reaction

Exergonic reaction rate depends on the activation energy required

Larger activation energy proceeds more slowly

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26
Q

Activation Energy can be increased by how many ways?

A

2 ways

Increasing energy of reacting molecules (heating)

Lowering activation energy

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27
Q

Exergonic reaction rate is dependent on the requirement of what?

A

Activation Energy

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28
Q

Larger activation energy requirement means what?

A

Slower Exergonic Reaction

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29
Q

Activation Energy Reducer

A

Catalysts

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30
Q

What are Catalysts

A

Makes the reaction happen faster

Speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy

Substance that influences chemical bonds to lower activation energy

Cannot violate laws of thermodynamics= Cannot make an endergonic reaction spontaneous

They do not alter the proportion of reactant turned into product

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31
Q

Enzymes are what kind of catalyst and what do they do to activation energy?

A

Biological

lower the activation energy

Made of protein (made of amino acids)

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32
Q

What is ATP?

A

ATP= Adenosine triphosphate

“Currency” of all cells

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33
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

Ribose-5 carbon sugar

Adenine

Chain of 3 phosphates
Key to energy storage
Bonds are unstable

Most covalent bonds=Move energy

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34
Q

ADP has how many phosphates?

A

2 phosphates

Also made of ribose and adenine

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35
Q

AMP has how many phosphates?

A

1 phosphate

Also made of ribose adenine

Lowest energy form

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36
Q

How does the ATP cycle work?

A

ATP hydrolysis allows endergonic reactions to occur in our body

Coupling ATP hydrolysis to endergonic reactions results in a net exergonic reaction being created

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37
Q

Is ATP suitable for long term energy storage?

A

No

Fats and Carbohydrates better

Cells store only a few seconds worth of ATP

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38
Q

Converting potential energy from the glucose molecule is an example of what?

A

Eating

Energy from exergonic cellular reactions

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39
Q

ADP molecules are continuously being what?

A

Recycled

ATP+H2O—>ADP+Pi and then starts again

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40
Q

What happens between the reaction of ATP+H2O to ADP+Pi?

A

There is a release of energy for endergonic cellular processes

41
Q

What are Enzymes?

A

Most enzymes are protein (some are RNA)

Shape of enzyme stabilizes a temporary association between substrates

The specific shape of enzyme correlates with its specific function

Enzymes are not changed or consumed in reaction

Carbonic ahydrase

42
Q

Are Enzymes catalysts?

A

Yes

Lowers the activation energy to speed up exerganic reactions

43
Q

How many molecules of carbonic acid are made per hour without enzymes?

A

200 molecules

44
Q

How many molecules are formed per second with Enzymes?

A

600,000 molecules

45
Q

Enzyme stabilize is what?

A

The break down of molecules at active site

46
Q

What is Active Site?

A

Area where a substrate binds perfectly to the enzyme

Forms enzyme-substare complex

Applies stress to distort particular bond to lower activation energy- induced fit

47
Q

What kind of bonds are used to bind the substrate to the enzyme?

A

Hydrogen bonds bind with the substrate in order to break the substrate

48
Q

Are Enzymes rigid?

A

No, binding of substrate induces the enzyme to adjust its shape slightly, leading to a better induced fit, between the enzyme and substrate

49
Q

Make of carbonic anhydrase?

A

CO2 + H2O N2CO3

Carbon Dioxide + Water Carbonic Acid

50
Q

What is Glycemic Index?

A

How fast the gluccuse goes into the blood stream

51
Q

What kind of ending does enzymes have?

A

An ASE ending

52
Q

How are Enzymes named?

A

They are named based on:

Substance and “ASE,” ending

53
Q

Enzyme Function

A

Rate of enzyme-catlyzed reaction depends on concentrations of substrate and enzyme

54
Q

What are the chemical or physical conditions that affects the enzyme’s 3 dimensional shape?

A

Optimum temperature

Optimum pH

Optimum Salt Concentration

These can also change rate

55
Q

Is Enzyme Function the same as the denaturation of a protein?

A

Yes, since enzymes are proteins. If you change its structure you the function of the protein

56
Q

Do prokaryote work in a high temp?

A

Yes

57
Q

Are enzymes sensitive to temp and pH?

A

Yes, if not the right then the enzyme breaks down and doesn’t work

58
Q

What are Inhibitors?

A

Substance(s) that binds to enzyme and decreases its activity

Inhibitors turn off enzymes

59
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

Competes with substrate for active site

60
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitor

A

Binds to enzyme at a site other than active site

Causes shape change that makes enzyme unable to bind substrate

61
Q

What is the catalytic cycle of an enzyme?

A
  1. Substrate, Sucrose consists of glucose and fructose bonded together
  2. The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, forming an enzyme, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
  3. The binding of the substrate and enzyme places stress on the glucose-fructose bond, and the bond breaks
  4. Products are released, and the enzyme is free to bind other substrates
62
Q

Metabolism is what?

A

Exergonic reactions

Total of all chemical reactions out by an organism

63
Q

Anabolic reactions/ anabolism

A

Expend energy to build up molecules

64
Q

Catabolic reactions/ catabolism

A

Catabolic state

Harvest energy by breaking down molecules

Ex: People who are fasting or starving when the body starts to break down tissues

65
Q

Is Catabolic reaction/ catabolism spontaneous?

A

No it is nonspontaneous

66
Q

Biochemical pathways

A

Molecular machinary

A group of enzymes working together for a specific goal

Reactions occur in a sequence

Product of one reaction is the substrate for the next

Many steps take place in organelles

67
Q

What is the evolutionary advantage of bigger biochemical pathway

A

Bigger the biochemical pathway, the more enzymes it has, which gives it a bigger evolutionary advantage

68
Q

Do organisms need to eat essential amino acids?

A

Yes

69
Q

Do organisms body can make or covert nonessential amino acids?

A

Yes

70
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

End-product of pathway binds to an allosteric site on enzyme that catalyses first reaction in pathway

Shuts down pathway so raw materials and energy are not wasted

71
Q

The pathway could be the synthesis of what?

A

Of an amino acid, a nucleotide, or another important cellular molecule

72
Q

Is there a biochemical pathway with no feedback inhibition

A

Yes

73
Q

Is feedback inhibition “Self Regulation”?

A

Yes, the end product turns off the enzyme if the molecules concentration is too high

74
Q

How does increasing the amount of cholestrol in a cell membrane change the membrane?

A

It makes the membrane more fluid

75
Q

When the reactants in a chemical reaction have more potental energy than the products the reaction can be what?

A

Spontaneous

76
Q

A covalent bond is an example of what?

A

Potential energy

77
Q

Enzymes are biological catalysts that?

A

Lower the activation energy of exergonic reactions

78
Q

A molecule that bonds to the active site of an enzyme and stops enzyme function is called what?

A

A competivitve inhibitor

79
Q

Where is the most available potential energy stored in ATP?

A

The bonds connection the two terminal phosphate groups

ATP—–>ADP

80
Q

Lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction has which of the following effects?

A

Increase the rate of the reaction

Decrease the time it takes for a reaction to occur

81
Q

Sucrose is an enzyme in your mouth that breaks sucrose into fructose and glucose. Your mouth has an average of pH of 6.5. How would you expect the speed of this chemical reaction to change if sucrose was placed in a solution what a pH of 3?

A

It would Decrease

82
Q

When a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme does the enzyme physically changes shape?

A

Yes

83
Q

Anabolic reactions______NADH and ATP

A

Consume

84
Q

Catabolic reactions_____NADH and ATP

A

Produce

85
Q

Molecules are broken down in_______reactions

A

Catabolic

86
Q

Molecules are synthesized in______ reactions

A

Anabolic

87
Q

A covalent bond between two atoms represents what kind of energy?

A

Potential energy

88
Q

During a redox reaction the molecule that gains an electron has been

A

reduced and now has a higher energy level

89
Q

An endergonic reaction has the following properties

A

+ΔG and the reaction is not spontaneous.

90
Q

A spontaneous reaction is one in which

A

the reactants have a higher free energy than the products.

91
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

92
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of a catalyst?

A

A catalyst lowers the free energy of the reactants.

93
Q

Where is the energy stored in a molecule of ATP?

A

In the bonds connecting the two terminal phosphate groups

94
Q

Cells use ATP to drive endergonic reactions because

A

energy released by ATP hydrolysis makes ΔG for coupled reactions more negative.

95
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true about enzymes?

A

Enzymes make ΔG for a reaction more negative.

96
Q

ATP hydrolysis has a ΔG of −7.4 kcal/mol. Can an endergonic reaction with a ΔG of 12 kcal/mol be “driven” by ATP hydrolysis?

A

No, the overall ΔG is still positive.

97
Q

An online auction site offers a perpetual-motion machine. You decide not to bid on this because

A

the Second Law says that energy loss due to entropy will not allow for perpetual motion.

98
Q

Enzymes have similar responses to both changes in temperature and pH. The effect of both is on the

A

three-dimensional shape of the enzyme.

99
Q

Feedback inhibition is an efficient way to control a metabolic pathway because the

A

first enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the end-product of the pathway.

Bio 112 (18 decks)

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