Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 112 > Chapter 10- How Cells Divide > Flashcards

Chapter 10- How Cells Divide Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The reasons why Cells Divide (Growth, Reproduction, Repair)

A

Cells divide for the purpose of reproduction, replacement of lost or dead cells (repair) and to promote growth at the structure in which they are located.

Only the first of the three reasons applies to single celled organisms (reproduction) but the other reasons (repair and growth) are essential to the efficient functioning of multicellular structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Division

A

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome, no nucleus, and few other organelles.

Binary fusion (asexual) more rapid division then Eukaryotic. FtsZ facilities bacteria’s division

Ex: Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Division

A

Eukaryotic cells have multiple chromosome contained within a nucleus and many other organelles.

Mitosis needs to package DNA before dividing

Ex: Animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Humans have…?

A

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes; 46 total chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Centromere is a region of the chromosome, while the kinetochore is..?

A

A protein found at the centromere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which of the following is not true regarding sister chromatids?

A

You inherit one from your mom and one from your dad.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Binary fission in prokaryotes concludes with the accumulation of_________protein at the midpoint of the cell, which facilitates septum formation, and splitting of the cell.

A

FtsZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

__________is the portion of the cell cycle in which the chromosomes are invisible under the light microscope because they are not yet condensed.

A

Interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When do chromosomes fully condense?

A

Prophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The separation of sister chromatids occurs in which phase?

A

Anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of a complex of 60% protein and 40% DNA. The name of the chemical complex is a…?

A

Chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into the two daughter cells is called…?

A

Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chromosome Number

A

Pertains to the total number of chromosomes in an organism’s cell.

ex: Humans have 46 total chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diploid Number

A

Pertains to the number of pairs of homologous chromosomes the organism’s cell has.

Chromosome number x 2

ex: Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cytokinesis during mitosis

A

Division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division.

Not part of mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Planet Cell (Cytokinesis)

A

Cell plate forms between the nuclei.

The cell plate is similar to the cell wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Animal Cell (Cytokinesis)

A

Constriction of actin filaments produces a cleavage furrow.

Cleavage furrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

Refers to either of the two identical copies (chromatids) formed by the replication of a single chromosomes, with both copies joined together by a common centromere.

19
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

Refers to a pair of the same kind of chromosome in a diploid cell.

20
Q

Histone Protein

A

Highly alkaline (positively charged) protein found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that packages and orders DNA into structural units (Nucleosomes).

Histone proteins are the chief protein components of chromatin. Which spools around DNA and plays a role in gene regulation

Keeps the DNA stable and compact during mitosis.

21
Q

Nucleosome

A

A complex consisting of a DNA duplex around a core of eight histone proteins

Guide to coiling DNA

22
Q

Centromere

A

Region around the center of the chromosome

A visible point of constriction on chromosome that contains repeated DNA sequences that bind specific proteins. These proteins make up the kinetochore to which microtubules attach during cell division.

23
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome that is joined by a single centromere.

24
Q

Chromatin

A

Complex of DNA and several different “packaging” proteins.

The complex of DNA and proteins of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed; chromatin is highly uncoiled and diffuse in interphase nuclei, condensing to form the visible chromosomes in prophase.

25
Q

Cohesion Proteins

A

A protein complex that holds sister chromatids together during cell division. The loss of cohesions at the centromere allows the anaphase movement of chromosomes.

26
Q

Microtubules

A

In eukaryotic cells, a long, hollow protein cylinder, compose of protein tubulin; these influence the cell shape, move the chromosomes during cell division.

27
Q

G0 “Resting” Phase

A

“Suspended animation phase”

The stage of the cell cycle occupied by cells that are not actively dividing.

The G0 phase, G zero phase, or ‘resting phase’ is a period in the cell cycle in which cells exist in quiescent state. G0 phase is viewed as either an extended G1 phase, where the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide. or distinct quiescent stage that occurs outside of the cell cycle.

28
Q

G1 Phase

A

The phase of the cell cycle after cytokinesis and before DNA replication call the first “gap” phase.

This is the primary growth phase of the cell.

Most variation in length depending on the cell.

The cell is working not preparing to divide/normal function of the cell.

Cells undergo major portion of growth.

29
Q

G1/S Checkpoint

A

The primary control point at wich a cell “decides” whether or not to divide.

Also called START of the restriction point.

Signal for the cell to start dividing.

30
Q

S Phase

A

The phase of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs.

“Synthesis” phase

The copying of DNA

Takes a lot of time

Dealings with the “mess of chromatin”

Replicate DNA

31
Q

S/G2 Checkpoint

A

The G2 checkpoint ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been completed successfully.

Checkpoints between the S and G2 phase to check the DNA and terminate “broken” DNA.

Safeguards

32
Q

G2 Phase

A

Gap 2 phase

The phase of the cell cycle between DNA replication and mitosis called the second “gap” phase.

During this phase, the cell prepares for mitosis.

Chromosomes coil more tightly using motor proteins; centrioles replicate; tubulin synthesis.

Preparing for cellular division

“Moving”

Breaking up organelles

33
Q

G2/M Checkpoint

A

The second cell-division control point, at which division can be delayed if DNA has not been properly replicated or is damaged.

34
Q

M-phase promoting factor (MPF)

A

MPF

A cdK enzyme active at the G2/M checkpoint.

Promotes the entrance from G2 to M phase.

35
Q

Describe the role microtubules in mitosis

A

In eukaryotic cells, a long, hollow protein cylinder composed of protein tubulin; these influence the cell shape and move the chromosomes during cell division.

Microtubules play a role in the migration of chromosomes to opposite ends of a cell during the anaphase during mitosis.

36
Q

G1 Phase (Interphase)

A

The cells are carrying out their normal function according to the cell type

Cells undergo major portion of growth

*The slower

37
Q

S Phase (Interphase)

A

DNA chromosomes are replicated. Each replicated chromosomes consists of wo sister chromatids, joined together.

Replicate DNA

38
Q

G2 Phase (Interphase)

A

Cells continue to grow and proteins that are necessary for cell division are synthesized.

The cell prepares for mitosis.

39
Q

Prophase (M Phase)

A

DNA has been replicated

Chromatin still present; no chromosomes are visible Nucleus is still present.

Chromosomes are condensed and the nuclear envelope begins to break down.

Chromosomes are visible

Nuclear envelope breaks down

Deconstructing of organelles (Golgi and ER)

Formation of mitotic spindles

40
Q

Prometaphase (M Phase)

A

Mitotic spindle forms and attaches to the sister chromatids to move them.

Chromosome are moving to the cell’s center.

41
Q

Metaphase (M Phase)

A

Microtubules become organized into a spindle and the chromosomes are in alignment along metaphase plate.

Most organized state Chromatids are aligned on the metaphase plate (center).

42
Q

Anaphase (M Phase)

A

Separation of the sister chromatids, moving to the opposite poles of the cell.

Sister chromatids are separated and on opposite sides.

43
Q

Telophase (M Phase)

A

The nuclear envelope of each daughter cell reforms and chromosomes uncoil and become diffuse.

The nuclear envelope and organelles reforms.

Bio 112 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions