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Bio 112 > Chapter 4- Cell Theory > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Cell Theory Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

All organisms are composed of cells

Cells are the smallest living things

Cells arise only from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

What are the structural similarities among all cells?

A
  1. Nucleoid or Nucleus where DNA is located
  2. Cytoplasm, medium cells like protein and carbs
  3. Ribosomes, protein, RNA make up protein synthesis
  4. Plasma membrane
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3
Q

What are Prokaryotic Cells?

A

Simplest organisms approx. 3.5 billion yrs old

Lack a membrane-bound nucleus where DNA is located there

Cell Wall outside of plasma membrane

Contain ribosomes which makes proteins

Two domains of prokaryotes (plasma membrane) Archaea and Bacteria

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4
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

Cells protein synthesis machinery

Found in all cell types in all 3 domains
(ex: plants, fungi, and bacteria)

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-protein complex

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5
Q

What are Eukaryotic Cells?

A

Eukaryotic Cells are cells that make up humans, animals and plants

posses a membrane-bound nucleus

More complex than prokaryotic cells

Hallmark is compartmentalization (ex: big nucleus, complex regions that do different things)

Posses a cytoskeleton for support

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6
Q

What is a Cytoskeleton?

A

The inner structural elements, or backbone, of a cell. It consists of microtubules and various filaments that spread out through the cytoplasm, providing both structural support and a means of transport within the cell.

Network of protein fibers found in all eurkaryotic cells.

Supports of the shape of the cell

Keeps Organelles in fixed locations

Dynamic system is constantly forming and disassembling

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7
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts are small organelles inside the cells of plants and algae. They absorb light to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis. The sugar can be stored in the form of starch. Chloroplasts contain the molecule chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis.

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8
Q

What are Organelles?

A

Organelles are little organs. The nucleus, the mitochondrion, the chloroplast, the Golgi apparatus, the lysosome, and the endoplasmic reticulum are all examples of organelles. Some organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, have their own genome (genetic material) separate from that found in the nucleus of the cell.

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9
Q

What are Mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are known as the refinery of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell.

Found in all types of Eukaryotic Cells

Bound by 2 membranes

On the surface of inner membrane and embedded with it, are proteins that carry out oxidative metabolism

Have their own DNA

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10
Q

Explain the 2 membranes in Mitochondria

A

Outer membrane is like a plasma membrane and has intermembrane space.

Inner membrane is 70% protein and looks like bacteria. Also has Cristae which can fold itself to fit in small spaces. Responsible for making ATP.

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11
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy currency of life, the way that individual cells store and use chemical energy. … It does this by shedding a phosphate group, becoming adenosine diphosphate, or ADP, a highly energetic reaction that powers all of a cell’s molecular machinery.

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12
Q

What is the Matrix in Mitochondria?

A

The Matrix has big enzymes, dense proteins, and has own DNA.

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13
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts are plants

Organelles present in cells of plants and some other Eukaryotes

Contain Chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Capture CO2 to create carbs

Creates Glucose and grow

They have their own DNA

Surrounded by 2 membranes

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14
Q

What is Endosymbiosis?

A

The endosymbiosis theory explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different organisms. (ex: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts)

Cells engulfed one another to become one cell

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15
Q

What are the Three Types of Fibers?

A

Microfilaments or Actin Filaments
2 protein chains loosely twined together
Movements like contraction, crawling, “Pinching”

Microtubules
Largest of the cytoskeletal elements
Dimers of a and b-tubulin subunits
Facilitate movement of cell and materials within cell

Intermediate Filaments
Between the size of actin filaments and microtubules
Very stable

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16
Q

What are Centrosomers?

A

Region surrounding centrioles in almost all animal cells

Microtubule-organizing center

Animal cells and most protists have centrioles-pair of Organelles

Plants and fungi lack centrioles

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17
Q

Explain Eukaryotic Cell Walls?

A

Are in Plants, fungi and many protists. But not all of them.

Different from Prokaryotes

Cellulose from plants and protists

Chitin in Fungi

The Primary and Secondary cell walls in plants

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18
Q

What is the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?

A

Animal Cells lack cell walls

Secrete and elaborate mixture of glycoproteins (part protein and part carb, with slimy membrane) into the space around them.

It forms a protective layer over the cell surface (membrane)

Integrins link ECM to cell’s cytoskeleton

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19
Q

Explain Cell-to-Cell Interactions?

A

Surface proteins give cells identity.

They “read,” each other, and react.

20 proteins make up MHC proteins. They recognize your own cells and cells not from yourself. (ex. body rejecting organ transplant)

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20
Q

What are Glycolipids?

A

Glycolipids are tissue-specific cell surface markers.

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21
Q

What are Cell Connections?

A

Cell connections are sheets of cells.

  1. Tight Junction, they are leak proof
  2. Anchoring Junction, they are flexible
  3. Communicating Junction are big protein tubes between cells

Anchoring and Communicating Junctions help with coordinating the heart and heart cells

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22
Q

Rate of diffusion is affected by what 4 things?

A

Surface area available

Temperature

Concentration gradient

Distance

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23
Q

What is the advantage of small cells over larger cells?

A

Volume increases more rapidly then surface area for a larger cell

Small cells are long and skinny and can join together and have a larger surface area

24
Q

What are bacterial cell walls made of?

A

Made of peptidoglycan

Cell walls of plants, fungi, and most protists different

25
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

Protect the cell, maintain its shape, and prevent excessive uptake or loss of water

26
Q

Archaea lack what?

A

Peptidoglycan

27
Q

What is the Flagella on a cell?

A

It is used for locomotion and its propelled by rotary motion

Present in some prokaryotic

28
Q

What is the Endomembrane system?

A

The endomembrane system is a series of compartments that work together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules. In your cells, the endomembrane system is made up of both the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. These compartments are folds of membranes that form tubes and sacs in your cells.

29
Q

What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Relatively few bound ribosomes

Variety of functions-synthesis, store Ca2+, detoxication

Smooth ER also regulates and releases calcium ions and processes toxins. It is described as ‘smooth’ to distinguish it from rough ER, which has ribosomes for protein synthesis on its surface. Each organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell is responsible for performing a certain function.

30
Q

What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance

synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane

Rough ER is called rough because it has ribosomes attached to its surface. The double membranes of smooth and rough ER form sacs called cisternae. Protein molecules are synthesized and collected in the cisternal space/lumen. When enough proteins have been synthesized, they collect and are pinched off in vesicles.

31
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Made of flattened stacks of interconnected membranes (Golgi bodies)

Packaging and distribution of molecules synthesized at one location and used at another within the cell or even outside of it

Vesicles transport molecules to destination

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport.

32
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

33
Q

What is Microbody?

A

A microbody is a type of organelle that is found in the cells of plants, protozoa, and animals. Organelles in the microbody family include peroxisomes, glyoxysomes, glycosomes and hydrogenosomes. In vertebrates, microbodies are especially prevalent in the liver and kidney organs.

34
Q

What are Peroxisome?

A

a small organelle that is present in the cytoplasm of many cells and that contains the reducing enzyme catalase and usually some oxidases.

35
Q

What are Vacuoles?

A

a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

36
Q

What is the Nucleus of a cell?

A

Repository of the genetic information

Where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place

Most eukaryotic cells have a single nucleus

37
Q

What is the Nuclear envelope?

A

A nuclear membrane, also known as the nucleolemma or karyotheca, is the phospho lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells.

2 phospholipid bilayers

Nuclear pores control things coming in and out

38
Q

In Eukaryotes, the _______is divided into multiple linear chromosomes

A

DNA

39
Q

Chromatin is made of what?

A

Chromosomes plus protein

40
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm

Divides cell into compartments where different cellular functions occur

One of the fundamental distinctions between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

41
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

ER

Rough ER and Smooth ER

Modified extensively in many tissues to suit needs

42
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bounded digestive vesicles

Come from Golgi apparatus

Enzymes catalyze breakdown of macromolecules

Destroy cells of foreign matter at the cell has engulfed by phagocytosis

43
Q

Microbodies

A

Variety of enzyme bearing, membrane enclosed vesicles

44
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Part of Microbodies

Contain enzymes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids

Hydrogen peroxide produced as by product
It is rendered harmless by catalase

45
Q

Vacuoles

A

Non animal cells only

Membrane-bounded structures in plants

Various functions depending on the cell type

46
Q

What are the 3 different types of Vacuoles ?

A

Central vacuole in plant cells

Contractile vacuole of some fungi and protists

Storage vacuoles

47
Q

Mitochondria are bound by what membranes?

A

Outer membrane and Inter membrane

Inner membrane as cristae

Matrix

48
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells

Supports the shape of the cell

Keeps organelles in fixed locations

Dynamic system- constantly forming and disassembling

49
Q

Centrosomes-Pair of Centrioles

A

Primary organelle responsible for organizing microtubules within a cell

Animal cells and most protists have centrioles
Pair of cellular structures involved in cell division

50
Q

Plants and fungi lack what?

A

Centrioles

51
Q

Cell Movement

A

Cell motion is tied to the movement of actin filaments, microtubules, or both

Some cells crawl using actin microfilaments

Flagella and cilia have 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules

Not like prokaryotic flagella

Cilia are shorter and more numerous

52
Q

Eukaryotic Cell Walls

A

Plants, fungi, and many protists

Different from prokaryotes

Plants and protists- Cellulose

Fungi- Chitin

Plants-Primary and Secondary cell walls

53
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Animal cells lack cell walls

Secrete an elaborate mixture of glycoproteins into the space around them

Form a protective layer over the cell surface

Integrins link ECM to cell’s cytoskeleton

Bone, cartilage, blood are mostly ECM and have relatively few cells

54
Q

Cell-to-Cell Interactions

A

Surface proteins give cells identity (Antigens)

Cells make contact, “read” each other and react

Glycolipids- most tissue specific cell surface markers

MHC proteins- recognition of “self” and “nonself” by the immune system

Ex: Organ transplant, and body rejecting nex organ

55
Q

What are the 3 categories of Cell connections?

A

Tight Junction
Connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in sheet- no leakage

Anchoring Junction
Mechanically attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring cells (desmosomes)

Communicating Junction
Chemical or electrical signal passes directly from one cell to an adjacent one (gap junction, plasmodemata)

Bio 112 (18 decks)

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