Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

Basic trust v mistrust

Answer 1

Erikson’s first stage: when balance of care is sympathetic and loving babies feel like the world is good which builds confidence about exploring it (instead of withdrawing)

Question 2

Autonomy v shame/doubt

Answer 2

resolved favorably when parents provide kids with suitable guidance and reasonable choices

Question 3

Basic emotions

Answer 3

happiness, anger, sadness, fear etc. Have a long history of supporting survival

Question 4

Social smile

Answer 4

Between 6 and 10 weeks, parents communication evokes a broad grin

Question 5

Stranger anciety

Answer 5

Most frequent expression of fear, response to unfamiliar adults

Question 6

Secure base

Answer 6

Familiar caregiver to return to for emotional support after venturing out into the environment

Question 7

Social referencing

Answer 7

Actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

Question 8

Self-conscious emotions

Answer 8

2nd higher order set of feelings (guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, pride) each involves injury or enhancement of our sense of self

Question 9

emotional self-regulation

Answer 9

Strategies we use to adjust to a comfortable level of intensity so we can accomplish our goals

Question 10

Temperament

Answer 10

early appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation

Question 11

Reactivity

Answer 11

Quickness and intensity or emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity

Question 12

Self-regulation

Answer 12

Strategies that modify reactivity

Question 13

Easy child

Answer 13

Quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences

Question 14

Difficult child

Answer 14

Irregular in routines, slow adaptation, reacts negatively and intensely

Question 15

Slow to warm up child

Answer 15

Inactive, mild lowkey reactions, negative moods, slow adjustment

Question 16

Effortful control

Answer 16

the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response

Question 17

Inhibited (shy) children

Answer 17

react negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli

Question 18

uninhibited (social) children

Answer 18

display positive emotion to/approach stimuli

Question 19

Persistent nutritional and emotional deprivation

Answer 19

Profoundly alters temprament–> maladaptive emotional reactivity

Question 20

Goodness-of-fit model

Answer 20

Describes how temperament and environment together produce favorable outcomes, involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning

Question 21

Attachment

Answer 21

the strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that lead us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and be comforted by their nearness

Question 22

Ethological theory of attachment

Answer 22

Recognizes the infants emotional tie to caregivers as an evolved response that promotes survival, is the most widely accepted view

Question 23

Preattachment phase

Answer 23

(birth to 6 wks) built in signals (smiling) that help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans

Question 24

Attachment in the making

Answer 24

(6 wks to 6-8 months) Respond differently to strangers versus caregivers

Question 25

Clear cut attachment phase

Answer 25

Babies display separation anxiety when a trusted caregiver leaves (6 months to 15 months)

Question 26

Formation of a reciprocal relationship

Answer 26

18 months- 2 yrs, language development allows toddlers to understand why their parents come and go

Question 27

Internal working model

Answer 27

Set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress

Question 28

Strange situation

Answer 28

Designed by Mary Ainsworth, lab procedure to test the quality of attachment in 12 year olds (8 short stressful episodes of separation in an unfamiliar playroom)

Question 29

Secure attachment

Answer 29

infants use parent as secure base, may become upset when parent leaves, crying reduced upon return

Question 30

avoidant attachment

Answer 30

infants are unresponsive to parents departure, stranger, and return

Question 31

resistant attachment

Answer 31

seek closeness to parent, distressed upon departure, anger at return

Question 32

Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Answer 32

Greatest insecurity are reunion infants show flat depressed emotion

Question 33

Attachment Q-sort

Answer 33

(1-4 yrs) home observation (parents might be biased)

Question 34

Sensitive caregiving

Answer 34

Responding promptly, consistently, and appropriately to infants and holding them tenderly is related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups

Question 35

Self recognition

Answer 35

Identification of self as a physically unique being is under way around 2 years

Question 36

Scale errors

Answer 36

attempting to do things that body size makes impossible

Question 37

Empathy

Answer 37

ability to understand another’s emotional state and feel with that person

Question 38

Categorical self

Answer 38

(18-30 months) Classifying themselves and others on basis of age, sex, physical characteristics, goodness and badness

Question 39

Compliance

Answer 39

12-18 monts, clear awareness of caregivers wishes and can obey simple requests and demands

Question 40

Delay of gratification

Answer 40

waiting for an appropriate time and place to engage in a tempting act