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Developmental Psychology > Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies > Flashcards

Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental science

A

Scientific study of how/why people change or stay the same over time

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2
Q

Theory

A

Describe, explain, and predict behavior

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3
Q

Continuous development

A

Process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

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4
Q

Discontinuous development

A

Process where new ways of understanding the world emerge at specific times

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5
Q

Stages

A

Qualitative changes in thinking, feeling, and behaving that characterize a specific period of development

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6
Q

Contexts

A

Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change

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7
Q

Nature-nurture controversy

A

Are genetic or environmental factors more important

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8
Q

Plasticity

A

Development is open to change in response to influential experiences

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9
Q

Lifespan perspective

A

Assumes development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, and affected by multiple interacting forces

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10
Q

Age-graded influences

A

Events that are strongly related to age (predictable when they occur)

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11
Q

Resilience

A

The ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

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12
Q

History-graded influences

A

What sets people apart from other cohorts (economic prosperity, technological advances)

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13
Q

Non-normative influences

A

irregular events that don’t follow a predictable timeline (marriage, career promotion, death of a parent)

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14
Q

Normative approach

A

Measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and are computed to represent typical development

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15
Q

Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale

A

Test that predicted school achievement–> sparked interest in development of the individual

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16
Q

Psychoanalytic perspective

A

Freud, people move through stages where the confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How they resolve these conflicts describes their ability to learn, get along with others and cope with anxiety

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17
Q

Id

A

Source of basic biological needs and desires

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18
Q

Ego

A

conscious, rational part of personality

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19
Q

Superego

A

conscience related to societal values

20
Q

Psychosocial theory

A

Erikson, emphasized that in addition to mediating between id and superego, the ego makes a positive contribution to development to make the individual an active member of society

21
Q

Behaviorism

A

A systematic approach to studying human behavior (and responses to stimuli)

22
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A learning process that occurs when to stimuli are paired and a response that at first is just elicited by the second stimulus is now elicited by the first (Pavlov’s dog)

23
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Positive behavior can be increased with reinforces, negative behavior can be decreased with punishments

24
Q

Social learning theory

A

Observational learning is a powerful source of development

25
Q

Behavior modification

A

consists of procedures that combine conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable responses

26
Q

Piaget cognitive-developmental theory

A

Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world

27
Q

Information processing

A

the human mind being viewed as a symbol manipulating system through which info flows (senses=input –> behavior=output)

28
Q

Developmental cognitive neuroscience

A

Combines researchers from psych, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study relationships between changes in the brain and people’s cognitive processing and behavior patterns

29
Q

Ethology

A

Study of human behavior from a biological perspective (evolutionary history, looks at the survival value of behavior)

30
Q

Sensitive period

A

A window when learning a skill is the easiest

31
Q

Evolutionary developmental psych

A

Seeks to understand the survival value of specieswide cognitive, emotional and social competencies as they change with age

32
Q

Sociocultural thoery

A

Vygotsky, focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation through social interaction

33
Q

Ecological systems theory

A

Bronfenbrenner: Views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment (Microsystem, exosystem, macrosystem…)

34
Q

Mircosystem

A

Activities/interaction patterns in the persons immediate surroundings (friends, daycare, nuclear family)

35
Q

Mesosystem

A

Connections between microsystems (friends interacting with family, parent involvement in school)

36
Q

Exosystem

A

Consists of social settings that don’t contain the developing person affect experiences in immediate settings (extended fam, neighbors)

37
Q

Macrosystem

A

Societal values, laws, customs, resources

38
Q

Chronosystem

A

Important events throughout a person’s lifetime

39
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Go into the field and record the behavior of interest

40
Q

Structured observations

A

An investigator sets up a lab situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display a response

41
Q

Self-reports

A

Clinical interviews: researchers use a flexible, conversational style to probe for participants point of view
Structured interviews: participants are asked the same questions in the same way

42
Q

Ethnography

A

Descriptive, qualitative research directed at understanding a culture, not only a participant

43
Q

Correlational design

A

researchers gather info on individuals without altering their experience

44
Q

Cohort effects

A

Individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a particular set of historical and cultural conditions

45
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time

46
Q

Institution Review Boards

A

Committees that evaluate the ethical integrity of research

47
Q

Sequential design

A

Conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (sequences)

Developmental Psychology (8 decks)

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