Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations

Question 1

Chromosomes

Answer 1

Store and transmit genetic info

Question 2

Gene

Answer 2

Segment of DNA along length of a chromosome

Question 3

Mitosis

Answer 3

Process where DNA duplicates itself

Question 4

Gametes

Answer 4

Sex cells

Question 5

Meiosis

Answer 5

Cell division process that forms gametes

Question 6

Zygote

Answer 6

When a sperm and an ovum unite

Question 7

Autosomes

Answer 7

not sex chromosomes

Question 8

Sex chromosomes

Answer 8

23nd pair (XX–> female, XY–> male)

Question 9

Fraternal (disygotic twins)

Answer 9

Results from the release and fertilization of 2 ova

Question 10

Identical (monozygotic twins)

Answer 10

when a zygote that has started to separate splits into 2 clusters of cells that develop into 2 individuals

Question 11

Allele

Answer 11

each form a gene (2 in total from mom and dad)

Question 12

Homozygous

Answer 12

If both alleles are alike

Question 13

Heterozygous

Answer 13

If alleles differ, whichever’s dominant determines phenotype

Question 14

Coparenting

Answer 14

2 parents mutually supporting eachothers parenting behaviors

Question 15

Socioeconomic status

Answer 15

An index to assess familes socioeconomic standings that combines 3 variables: 1. years of education, 2. prestige of one’s job and skill, 3. income

Question 16

Subcultures

Answer 16

groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of a larger culture

Question 17

Extended family households

Answer 17

3 or more generations live together

Question 18

Collectivist society

Answer 18

People define themselves as part of a group and stress group goals over individual goals

Question 19

Individualistic society

Answer 19

People think of themselves as separate entities and are largely concerned with their own personal needs

Question 20

Public policies

Answer 20

laws and govt programs designed to improve current conditions

Question 21

Behavioral genetics

Answer 21

field devoted to uncovering the contributes of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities

Question 22

Heritability estimates

Answer 22

Measure the extent to which the individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors

Question 23

Kinship studies

Answer 23

Compare the characteristics of family members

Question 24

Gene-environment interactions/ differential sensitivity

Answer 24

Because of their genetic makeup, people differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment (orchid vs daffodil)

Question 25

Gene-environment correlation (reverse causal argument for gene-environment interactions)

Answer 25

our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed

Question 26

Passive correlation

Answer 26

Parents provide environments influenced by their own hereditary

Question 27

Evocative correlation

Answer 27

Children evoke responses that are influenced by the childs hereditary

Question 28

Active correlation

Answer 28

People seek environments that fit their genetic tendencies

Question 29

Niche-picking

Answer 29

Tendencies to pick environments that fit compliment our heredity

Question 30

Epigenesis

Answer 30

Development resulting from ongoing bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment