Chapter 6 - Economic and social developments Flashcards
who was von reutern and what did he do
Alexander II’s minister of finance
(1862-78)
he produced a series of reforms to boost the economy and rive industrial growth
what happened to traditional Russian society as industrialisation spread
traditional land based society slowly began to move towards one focused more on money, capital and wages
when did new classes start to emerge and what were they
1895
middle class
urban working class
Landowning elite from 1895
small but diverse
mostly noble status
personal landholdings decreased after emancipation
often retained much previous wealth and status
what might the landowning elite be employed in from 1895
professional activities
business, commerce, transport or industry
state service
zemstva/ provincial governorships
who were the middle class (when first emerging)
growing class - resulting from urban/industrial expansion and education
enterprises included building railways/ starting factories
jobs the middle class might have been employed in
bankers
doctors
teachers
administrators
jobs that lower middle class may have been employed in
managers
workshop owners
traders
who were the urban working class
some peasants worked in
the name of richer peasants
kulaks
kulaks after emancipation
did well out of emancipation
bought up land and employed labour
might buy grain from poorer peasants in autumn and sell it back at a profit in spring
poorest peasants after emancipation
suffered more after emancipation
often in debt
became landless labourers
generally poor living standards
poor health
low life expectancy
who was financial minister from 1887 to 1892 and what did he want to do
Vyshnegradsky
wanted to raise capital, reduce budget deficit and boost home production
what did Vyshnegradsky do as finance minister
introduced tariff of 30% of the value of imported raw materials
negotiated loans and increased indirect taxes
mounted a drive to swell grain exports
who was finance minister from 1892 to 1903
Witte
