Chapter 5 - Growth of opposition to tsarist rule

Question 1

which people were mainly involved in moderate Liberal opposition

Answer 1

literate and educated Russians - whose numbers and influence grew towards the end of the 19th century.
they had wealth and time to consider political matters, and had travelled abroad therefore saw how Russia was underdeveloped

Question 2

what were the two main moderate liberal opposition groups

Answer 2

slavophiles
westernisers

Question 3

what did westernisers believe

Answer 3

want to adopt western values
wanted western style economic and military reform
less power to orthodox church
wanted representative assemblies
expressed views through zemstva, wanted to increase local decision making + national representation - disappointed in restriction of zemstvos powers

Question 4

what did slavophiles believe

Answer 4

preservation of Russian culture and heritage
retain peasant based society
retain principles of orthodox church

Question 5

how influential were slavophiles

Answer 5

declined in influence in 1890s - western style socialist movement began to grow

Question 6

what event marked a significant point in the growth of opposition

Answer 6

Jaime of 1891-92
the government failed to provide adequate relief

Question 7

examples of radical thinkers

Answer 7

nikolai Chernyshevsky
Alexander herzen
Sergei nechaev
Mikhail bakunin

Question 8

name of a group of radical opposition that developed with a group of students and what did they do

Answer 8

young Russia
they published a manifesto in which they argued for ‘bloody and merciless revolution’

Question 9

who was Alexander Herzen

Answer 9

editor of the illegal radical journal ‘The Bell’
advocated a new peasant based social structure

Question 10

who was Nikolai Chernyshevsky

Answer 10

author who suggested that peasants should be leaders of revolutionary change

Question 11

who was Mikhail Bakunin

Answer 11

anarchist and socialist
proposed private ownerships should be replaced by collective ownership with income based on hours worked
helped introduce Marxism to Russia

Question 12

who was Sergei Nechaev

Answer 12

radical activist whose ‘Catechism of a Revolutionary’ exhorted revolutionaries to be merciless in their aims

Question 13

when were the Tchaikovsky circle set up

Answer 13

1868-69

Question 14

who were the Tchaikovsky Circle

Answer 14

mostly a literary society which organised revolutionary literature
sought social revolution
from 1872 it organised workers with the intention of sending them to work among the peasants in the countryside

Question 15

what was Narodynism

Answer 15

the idea of ‘going to the people’
also known as populism

Question 16

when was the first attempt of the Narodiks

Answer 16

1874

Question 17

first attempt of the Narodiks

Answer 17

Pyotr Lavrov encouraged around 2000 young men and women to travel to the countryside to exploit peasant discontent and persuade the peasants that Russias future depended on developing the peasant commune.

Question 18

why did the Narodiks first attempt fail

Answer 18

the peasants ignorance, superstition and loyalty to the Tsar ensured that the incomers were reported to the authorities
1600 were arrested

Question 19

when was the Narodiks second attempt and did it fail or succeed

Answer 19

1876
it failed , but it did spread radical opposition into the countryside and showed the government the depth of its opponents

Question 20

when were land and liberty set up

Answer 20

1877

Question 21

what did land and liberty do

Answer 21

carried on the populist tradition
sought work in the countryside with peasant communes but more discreetly
some carried out political assassinations
gained public sympathy
sometimes spoke with the zemstva to press for constitutional reform

Question 22

when did land and liberty split and what were the two groups called

Answer 22

1879
black partition
the peoples will

Question 23

who were the black partition

Answer 23

worked peacefully among the peasantry
hoped to stimulate social change without violence
wanted to share black soil provinces among the peasants
least to exist after arrest in 1880-81

Question 24

who were the peoples will

Answer 24

bigger than Black Partition
advocated violent methods, undermining government by assassinating officials
tried unsuccessfully several times to kill Alexander: finally succeeded in March 1881