Chapter 4 - Political authority in action

Question 1

how many different ethnic groups inhabited Russia

Answer 1

over 100

Question 1

what did the different ethnic groups pose a challenge to

Answer 1

tsarist autocracy as the different groups asserted their distinctive identities

Question 2

what was banned in 1876 for Ukrainians

Answer 2

the use of Ukrainian language in publications or performances

Question 3

how did Alexander III extend the intolerance of national differences

Answer 3

developing a policy of Russification

Question 4

what was Russification

Answer 4

it sought to merge all the Tsars subjects into a single nation with a feeling of shared identity, controlled by autocracy and the Orthodox Church

Question 5

How was Russification carried out in Finland

Answer 5

‘diet’ (parliament) was weakened
use of Russian language was increasingly demanded
Finnish postal service abolished
Russian coinage replaced local currency

Question 6

how was Russification carried out in Poland

Answer 6

administration was changed
polish national bank was closed
schools and universities had to teach almost all subjects in Russian
literature had to be studied in a Russian translation

Question 7

how did Russification affect the Baltics

Answer 7

although they had been loyal tp Russia, it still affected them
Russian was enforced in all state offices, schools, universities police force and judicial system

Question 8

how did Russification affect Ukraine

Answer 8

Ukrainian language limited
theatres closed

Question 9

How Russification affected religion

Answer 9

adherence to the orthodox was encouraged
laws benefited people of orthodox faith, non orthodox believers were restricted

Question 10

How Russification affected the military

Answer 10

conscription was extended to areas previously exempt, conscripts were dispersed to prevent national groupings

Question 11

results of Russification

Answer 11

unrest and mass disturbances broke out in many Russian provinces, however they were quickly suppressed
resentment grew among wealthy and educated Finns, poles and baltic germans, national groups constantly petitioned for more liberties
local language books were secretly published
fuelled political opposition

Question 12

what did supporters of Russification believe

Answer 12

that it was necessary in order to ‘unite’ the country, improve administration and allow for modernisation, however it failed these objectives in the long term

Question 13

what racial group were the most affected by Russification

Answer 13

jews

Question 14

how many jews were in the Russian empire

Answer 14

around 5 million

Question 15

where were jews mostly confined to

Answer 15

the pale of settlement

Question 16

what happened to make Alexander II confine the Jews

Answer 16

the Polish revolt (1863-64)
this made him withdraw his concessions and reduce the jews participation in town government

Question 17

when were the main outbreaks of jewish pogroms

Answer 17

1881-84

Question 18

where did the series of anti jewish pogroms break out

Answer 18

April 1881 Ukraine

Question 19

how many Ukrainian cities did the anti jewish pogroms affect

Answer 19

around 16

Question 20

what happened in the anti jewish pogroms

Answer 20

jewish property was burned, shops and businesses were destroyed and there were many incidents of rape and murder
authorities did little to stop it (Okhrana may have even encouraged it)

Question 21

consequences of pogroms

Answer 21

many jews fled to Western Europe, sporadic pogroms continued after the main outbreaks ended

Question 22

anti Semitic laws (1882-94)

Answer 22

May Laws of 1882 - confined Jews to living in ghettos in towns and cities even within the Pale of Settlement
1886 decree - preventing Jews from running inns by restricting their right to sell alcohol
1892 - forbidden from taking part in local elections

Question 23

impact of antisemitism

Answer 23

from 1890 Jews outside the Pale were deported from Russia
many Jews were either forced out the country or left voluntarily
around 30,000 Jewish artisans were expelled from Moscow
however, this drove many Jews towards revolutionary groups