chapter 6 - definitions Flashcards
Definition of an automated system
A combination of software and hardware designed and
programmed to work automatically without the need for any human intervention
What is robotics
Robotics is a branch of computer science that incorporates the design, construction and operation of robots
What is a robot
mechanical device that can carry out tasks normally done by humans
3 places robots can be found
factories
homes
drones
Where can robots be found in factories
– welding parts together
– spray-painting panels on a car
– fitting windscreens to cars
– cutting out metal parts to a high precision
– bottling and labelling plants
– warehouses (automatic location of items)
Where can robots be found in homes
– autonomous floor sweepers
– autonomous lawn mower
– ironing robots
– pool cleaning
– automatic window cleaners
– entertainment
Define autonomous
able to operate independently without any human input
Where can robots be found in drones
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are drones that are either remotely controlled or totally autonomous using embedded systems
– can be used in reconnaissance (eg taking aerial photographs)
– can be used to make parcel deliveries
5 areas in agriculture where robots can play a large role
»harvesting/picking of vegetables and fruit
»weed control
»phenotyping (plant growth and health)
»seed-planting and fertiliser distribution
»autonomous labour-saving devices.
how can robots be used for harvesting
More accurate - only pick ripe fruit
pick fruit without damaging it
Higher yields and reduced waste
How does a weed control robot stay on path
why is a drone used
GPS tracking
used first to do an aerial view of the vineyard, so that a programmed course of action can be produced, which is then sent to the weed control robot’s memory.
What is phenotyping
the process of observing the physical characteristics of a plant to assess its health and growth
how do robots phenotype
»robots designed to do phenotyping are equipped with sensors (including spectral sensors and thermal cameras) that can create a 3D image/model of the plant, thus allowing it to be monitored for health and growth
How are robots used for seed planting and fertilisier distribution
drones can produce an aerial image of a farm sending back a ‘bird’s eye view’ of the crops and land. they allow seed-planting to be done far more accurately
»they also allow for more efficient fertiliser-spreading to reduce waste and improve coverage
cloud seeding
How are robots used in medicine
»robots are used in surgical procedures, which makes the operation safer and also makes the procedures quicker and less costly
» robots can be used from monitoring patients to doing actual minor surgery
»robots can take blood samples from patients:
– less painful to patients since the robot is better at determining a ‘good vein’
– safer to doctors and nurses if the patient has an infectious disease
– doctors and nurses can be freed up to do more skilled work
where are robots used in entertainment
theme parks are now using autonomous robots to entertain visitors to the park
music festivals are much more immersive for the audience
»humanoid robots can perform ‘stunt’ action in movies/ television
3 characteristics of robot
- a mechanical structure or framework
– electrical components, such as sensors, microprocessors and actuators
– programmable
3 domestic robots
autonomous vacuum cleaners
autonomous grass cutters
personal assistants
Definition of an automated system
A combination of software and hardware designed and
programmed to work automatically without the need for any human intervention
Define AI
artificial intelligence (AI) – AI is a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviours by computers
What are the 2 types of AI systems
define them
expert system – a form of AI that has been developed to mimic a human’s knowledge and expertise
machine learning – algorithms are trained and learn from past experiences
Some uses of expert systems
» diagnosis of a patient’s illness
» identification of plants, animals and chemical/biological compounds
» strategy games, such as chess
What are the components of an expert system
User interface
Inferenece system
rules base
knowledge base
Describe the user interface in an expert system
method by which the expert system interacts with a user through dialogue boxes, command prompts or other input methods
the questions being asked usually only have Yes/No answers and are based on the responses to previous questions
Explain the inference engine in an expert system
kind of search engine used in an
expert system which examines the knowledge base for information that matches the queries
Explain knowledge base in expert system
a repository of facts which is a collection of objects and attributes
What are inference rules
rules used by the inference engine and in expert systems to draw conclusions using IF statements
how to set up an expert system
»information needs to be gathered from human experts or from written sources
» knowledge base created
» knowledge base populated from collected info
»a rules base needs to be created - series of inference rules so that the inference engine can draw conclusions
» inference engine itself needs to be set up
»the user interface needs to be developed to allow the user and the expert system to communicate
once the system is set up, it needs to be fully tested
How to test a new expert system
running the system with known outcomes so that results can be compared and any changes to the expert system made
3 examples of ML
Categorising email as spam
Recognising user buying history
Detection of fraudulent activity
how does an ML categorise something as spam
» A machine learning algorithm collects data about emails
» It carries out a ‘cleaning’ process by removing stop words
» Certain words/phrases are frequently used in spam and indicate that the incoming email is very likely to be spam.
» The machine learning model is built and a ‘training data set’ is used to train the model and make it learn using past email known to be spam.
» Once it is evaluated, the model is fine-tuned and tested live.
3 main characteristics of AI
collection of data
the rules for using that data
the ability to reason - can include the ability to learn and adapt
3 main characteristics of AI
collection of data
the rules for using that data
the ability to reaason - can include the ability to learn and adapt
