chapter 6 - definitions

Question 1

Definition of an automated system

Answer 1

A combination of software and hardware designed and
programmed to work automatically without the need for any human intervention

Question 2

What is robotics

Answer 2

Robotics is a branch of computer science that incorporates the design, construction and operation of robots

Question 3

What is a robot

Answer 3

mechanical device that can carry out tasks normally done by humans

Question 4

3 places robots can be found

Answer 4

factories
homes
drones

Question 5

Where can robots be found in factories

Answer 5

– welding parts together
– spray-painting panels on a car
– fitting windscreens to cars
– cutting out metal parts to a high precision
– bottling and labelling plants
– warehouses (automatic location of items)

Question 6

Where can robots be found in homes

Answer 6

– autonomous floor sweepers
– autonomous lawn mower
– ironing robots
– pool cleaning
– automatic window cleaners
– entertainment

Question 7

Define autonomous

Answer 7

able to operate independently without any human input

Question 8

Where can robots be found in drones

Answer 8

unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are drones that are either remotely controlled or totally autonomous using embedded systems

– can be used in reconnaissance (eg taking aerial photographs)

– can be used to make parcel deliveries

Question 9

5 areas in agriculture where robots can play a large role

Answer 9

»harvesting/picking of vegetables and fruit
»weed control
»phenotyping (plant growth and health)
»seed-planting and fertiliser distribution
»autonomous labour-saving devices.

Question 10

how can robots be used for harvesting

Answer 10

More accurate - only pick ripe fruit

pick fruit without damaging it

Higher yields and reduced waste

Question 11

How does a weed control robot stay on path

why is a drone used

Answer 11

GPS tracking

used first to do an aerial view of the vineyard, so that a programmed course of action can be produced, which is then sent to the weed control robot’s memory.

Question 12

What is phenotyping

Answer 12

the process of observing the physical characteristics of a plant to assess its health and growth

Question 13

how do robots phenotype

Answer 13

»robots designed to do phenotyping are equipped with sensors (including spectral sensors and thermal cameras) that can create a 3D image/model of the plant, thus allowing it to be monitored for health and growth

Question 14

How are robots used for seed planting and fertilisier distribution

Answer 14

drones can produce an aerial image of a farm sending back a ‘bird’s eye view’ of the crops and land. they allow seed-planting to be done far more accurately

»they also allow for more efficient fertiliser-spreading to reduce waste and improve coverage

cloud seeding

Question 15

How are robots used in medicine

Answer 15

»robots are used in surgical procedures, which makes the operation safer and also makes the procedures quicker and less costly

» robots can be used from monitoring patients to doing actual minor surgery

»robots can take blood samples from patients:
– less painful to patients since the robot is better at determining a ‘good vein’
– safer to doctors and nurses if the patient has an infectious disease
– doctors and nurses can be freed up to do more skilled work

Question 16

where are robots used in entertainment

Answer 16

theme parks are now using autonomous robots to entertain visitors to the park

music festivals are much more immersive for the audience

»humanoid robots can perform ‘stunt’ action in movies/ television

Question 17

3 characteristics of robot

Answer 17

• a mechanical structure or framework

– electrical components, such as sensors, microprocessors and actuators

– programmable

Question 18

3 domestic robots

Answer 18

autonomous vacuum cleaners

autonomous grass cutters

personal assistants

Question 19

Definition of an automated system

Answer 19

A combination of software and hardware designed and
programmed to work automatically without the need for any human intervention

Question 20

Define AI

Answer 20

artificial intelligence (AI) – AI is a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behaviours by computers

Question 21

What are the 2 types of AI systems

define them

Answer 21

expert system – a form of AI that has been developed to mimic a human’s knowledge and expertise

machine learning – algorithms are trained and learn from past experiences

Question 22

Some uses of expert systems

Answer 22

» diagnosis of a patient’s illness
» identification of plants, animals and chemical/biological compounds
» strategy games, such as chess

Question 23

What are the components of an expert system

Answer 23

User interface

Inferenece system
rules base
knowledge base

Question 24

Describe the user interface in an expert system

Answer 24

method by which the expert system interacts with a user through dialogue boxes, command prompts or other input methods

the questions being asked usually only have Yes/No answers and are based on the responses to previous questions

Question 25

Explain the inference engine in an expert system

Answer 25

kind of search engine used in an
expert system which examines the knowledge base for information that matches the queries

Question 26

Explain knowledge base in expert system

Answer 26

a repository of facts which is a collection of objects and attributes

Question 27

What are inference rules

Answer 27

rules used by the inference engine and in expert systems to draw conclusions using IF statements

Question 28

how to set up an expert system

Answer 28

»information needs to be gathered from human experts or from written sources

» knowledge base created

» knowledge base populated from collected info

»a rules base needs to be created - series of inference rules so that the inference engine can draw conclusions

» inference engine itself needs to be set up

»the user interface needs to be developed to allow the user and the expert system to communicate

once the system is set up, it needs to be fully tested

Question 29

How to test a new expert system

Answer 29

running the system with known outcomes so that results can be compared and any changes to the expert system made

Question 30

3 examples of ML

Answer 30

Categorising email as spam

Recognising user buying history

Detection of fraudulent activity

Question 31

how does an ML categorise something as spam

Answer 31

» A machine learning algorithm collects data about emails

» It carries out a ‘cleaning’ process by removing stop words

» Certain words/phrases are frequently used in spam and indicate that the incoming email is very likely to be spam.

» The machine learning model is built and a ‘training data set’ is used to train the model and make it learn using past email known to be spam.

» Once it is evaluated, the model is fine-tuned and tested live.

Question 32

3 main characteristics of AI

Answer 32

collection of data
the rules for using that data
the ability to reason - can include the ability to learn and adapt

Question 33

3 main characteristics of AI

Answer 33

collection of data
the rules for using that data
the ability to reaason - can include the ability to learn and adapt