Chapter 6: Cultural Diversity from 20,000 to 5,000 years ago

Question 1

food production*

Answer 1

became the forefront of subsistence strategies and replaced foraging, this introduced diet, exercise and sleep patterns as well

Question 2

mesolithic

Answer 2

from 12,000 to 10,000 years ago, “middle stone age”, Advances in stone tool technology, Changes in diet

Question 3

neolithic*

Answer 3

From 10,000 to 5,000 years ago, “New stone age”, Correlates to a shift to farming in europe

Question 4

bronze and iron age

Answer 4

Metalworking in europe

Question 5

beringia *

Answer 5

Large, ice free are connecting northern asia to northwest north america during the last ice age
the possible route which brought people from Asia to the Americas

Question 6

coastal migration route*

Answer 6

Popular accepted theory that people came down the coast of alaska and british columbia using boats or walking along the coast-line to reach the americas

Question 7

ice-free corridor route*

Answer 7

Possible entry through a corridor between the 2 ice sheets covering most of canada
During warming trends of the last ice age, the 2 glaciers separated creating a corridor linking beringia to the areas south

Question 8

North-Atlantic route *
(Solutrean Hypothesis)

Answer 8

from europe via the north atlantic ocean
Would have necessitated boat travel across the north atlantic and southward down the glacial environment of eastern canada

Question 9

food producers

Answer 9

people who manipulate plants and animals to increase their productivity, creating surplus

Question 10

domestication*

Answer 10

plants and animals under the control of humans

Question 11

pastoralism*

Answer 11

the domestication of animals

Question 12

horticulture*

Answer 12

the domestication of plants

Question 13

agriculture*

Answer 13

intensive cultivation

Question 14

advantages of domestication*

Answer 14

produced a food surplus, decreased mobility, more people could live together in one place (permanent settlements)

Question 15

disadvantages of domestication*

Answer 15

large populations and permanent settlements brought internal conflict, inevitable social inequality and the emergence of more formal political systems

Question 16

city

Answer 16

means the assumption that there are about 5,000 residents

Question 17

pottery & ceramics

Answer 17

was one of the most significant technological adaptations of the period, baked clay used to store something

Question 18

tribe*

Answer 18

Pastoralists exhibit the beginnings of social stratification and leadership, groups are typically organized as a tribe with some kind of leader sometimes referred to as big man

Question 19

state*

Answer 19

Populations based on agriculture were typical organized

Question 20

chiefdom*

Answer 20

Smaller villages of horticulturalists are organized as tribes and larger-scale groups were organized as chiefdoms

Question 21

civilization

Answer 21

to qualify as a civilization it should have… an agricultural base, state level of political organization, monumental architecture, at least one city and writing