Chapter 5: Cultural Diversity from 2.5 Mil to 20,000 yrs ago

Question 1

archaeological record *

Answer 1

the actual physical remains of human activities that have been recorded by archaeologists (in addition to the recorded remains, all the records associated with archaeological investigations in the field and remains)

Question 2

archaeological sites *

Answer 2

any location with physical evidence of past human activity

Question 3

artifacts *

Answer 3

any object that has been manufactured or modified, or that shows evidence of being used by people, sometimes is also identified as portable

Question 4

features*

Answer 4

nonportable entity that has been clearly created by humans

Question 5

hearths

Answer 5

fire hearth indicates a discrete, contained fire

Question 6

lithic scatters

Answer 6

the accumulation of waste flakes created and left behind from the manufacture of lithic (stone) tools

Question 7

middens**

Answer 7

discrete accumulations of trash

Question 8

ecofacts *

Answer 8

plant and animal remains

Question 9

botanical remains

Answer 9

Plant remains are commonly referred to as botanical remains or floral remains and include seeds, nuts, pollen, phytoliths, wood

Question 10

faunal remains

Answer 10

Animal remains also known as faunal remains may include any part of an animal including bone, teeth, shell, hide, hair, fur, nails, claws, internal soft tissue

Question 11

base camps

Answer 11

recognized by the presence of artifacts and ecofacts often in specific patterns that can be identified as a feature

Question 12

pictographs

Answer 12

often in the form of rock art, which are paintings on immovable rock surfaces such as boulders, cliff faces or cave walls

Question 13

petroglyphs

Answer 13

another kind of rock art which are engravings made on rock surfaces

Question 14

resource processing sites *

Answer 14

include areas where the physical remains indicate people were harvesting resources (hunting, gathering, scavenging) and or processing them, including butchering
Also used to describe areas where people were obtaining raw materials such as stone for artifact manufacture (quarry) and where they made artifacts from stone

Question 15

paleolithic

Answer 15

old stone age

Question 16

lower paleolithic

Answer 16

used to describe the peoples and cultures associated with Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus

Question 17

middle paleolithic

Answer 17

often equated with the people and cultures associated with Archaic Homo Sapiens, Homo heidelbergensis and Neandertals

Question 18

upper paleolithic

Answer 18

the culture and peoples who replaced Neandertals in Europe beginning about 40,000 years ago

Question 19

oldowan

Answer 19

usually associated with Homo habilius and typically made from cobblestone and created what is known as a unifacial tool or unifacial chopper

Question 20

acheulean

Answer 20

associated with homo erectus and were typically bifacial meaning flakes were taken off both sides

Question 21

lomekwian

Answer 21

which were stone cobble and flake tools

Question 22

atlatl

Answer 22

spear thrower

Question 23

law of superposition
(archaeological stratigraphy)

Answer 23

the basic rule that older artifacts and materials are further below the surface then the more recent artifacts, the oldest layer is on the bottom and the most recent is on the top