Chapter 11: Marriage, Family and Gender Flashcards
marriage
defined as 3 main things:
1. sexual access between partners
2. Regulation of the sexual division of labour
3. Support and legitimacy of children in society
family of orientation
including blood-related parents, siblings, grand-parents and relatives
family of procreation
when a pair has their own children
monogamy*
marriage between 2 people
serial monogamy
marriage to one partner at a time with a succession of partners, common in countries with high divorce rates
polygamy*
the marriage practice of having 2 or more spouses
polygyny
have 2 or more wives at the same time
popular for the survival of the species
polyandry
a woman takes 2 or more husbands, may be beneficial in places where limits on population growth aid survival
exogamy
marriage partners must come from different groups
Links families from differing communities together
Acts to broaden the gene pool of any intermarrying group leading to more genetic diversity
endogamy
marriage is required from people in the same social group, can be seem in societies with strong ethnic, religious or socio-economic class divisions
caste system in India
classes that you are born into and cannot change into another one, marriage partners are only chosen from within the same caste, often the same family which decreases genetic diversity and inevitably can cause disease due to inbreeding
incest taboo
example of a cultural universal which is something that underlies the universal needs of human beings
household
domestic unit of residence, members contribute to child rearing, inheritance and the production and consumption of goods, do not need to live under the same roof
nuclear family*
2 generations living together, this type or residence is neolocal, makes sense in industrial societies due to independence training
extended family*
blood-related family members will bring their spouses to live with their family of orientation
affinal kin*
related by marriage
consanguineal kin*
related by blood
matrilocal residence*
when husbands join their wives families of orientation after marriage, common under conditions where land is held by the woman’s family line, woman remain in their home of orientation so that the land is not divided upon marriage
patrilocal residence*
when wives join their husbands families of orientation after marriage, most common type of residence pattern across the world, common in societies where pastoralist or intensive agricultural is practiced for subsistence
bride price
the valuables that a groom and his family are required to present to the bride’s family for when the bride leaves her home to live with her husband, the young bride is expected to support in labour and bear children
bride service
rather than a gift to the bride family, the groom spends a period of time working for her family to compensate
dowry
when the groom goes to live with the bride’s family
the gift of money or goods from the bride’s family to the groom’s family to compensate for the loss of their son
dowry death
when the dowry is failed to be put forward or paid, thousands of woman are killed or commit suicide over dowry
arranged marriage
parents will generally seek a match for their son or daughter from the same or higher caste or community, socio-economic class or religion
forced marriage
a young person has no say into who they marry
child marriage
young girls are betrothed to older men
kinship*
family relations, can be related through blood, marriage, adoption, etc
fictive kinship*
constructed “family” of unrelated individuals who rely on each other for social support, economic resources, protection
nurture kinship*
relationships built upon caring and attachment
descent group
group of people who trace their descent from a particular ancestor
bilateral descent
some societies trace their genealogy back through both the father and mothers lines
unilineal*
in some societies, descent is reckoned along one line
patrilineal descent*
traced through the fathers bloodline
matrilineal descent*
traced through the mothers bloodline
gender identity
social and cultural norms combines with the individuals biology that may make up a person’s identity
binary
one approach to gender and sexuality
sex*
biological and physiological differences including sex chromosomes, hormones, reproductive structures, external genitalia
sexuality
refers to attraction, either romantic or physical
gender*
the set of social meanings assigned by culture, a person’s internal experience of identity as male, female both or neither as well as the expression of that identity in social behaviour
intersex
1 in 2000, a person who has a combination of physiological or morphological traits that place them on the gender spectrum
gender roles
the culturally appropriate roles of individuals in society, express the cultural norms expected of a person of each sex
androgynous
gender neutral
cisgender
those who experience their gender identity as matching their assigned sex at birth
transgender
those who internally experience their gender identity as different from their assigned sex at birth
gender queer / gender fluid
people who experience their identity of expression along a spectrum, in a non-binary way
gender dysphoria
people who experience their gender identity as nonconforming may experience this feeling, distress due to their identity
two spirit
term used for an Indigenous person who experiences both genders inhabiting the body
third gender
neither man nor woman, but with elements of both
hijra
third gender variant in India and Pakistan, consider themselves not-man, not-woman
sexual orientation*
romantic or sexual attraction to another person
sharia law
found in Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen, Nigeria, a person may be put to death for homosexual acts
pansexual
attracted to anyone regardless of gender or sexuality
polysexual
attracted to people of multiple genders or sexes
asexual
having few or no sexual or romantic feelings
androphilia
preference of men
gynophilia
preference of women
body modification
one of the most common ways people express their identities an make themselves attractive (makeup, piercings, tattoos)
rite of passage
moving from stage of life to another
scarification
inscribing artistic symbols on the body as a marker of identity
