Chapter 10: Food-getting and Economics

Question 1

economics

Answer 1

how goods and services are produced, distributed and consumed

Question 2

food foragers / hunter-gatherers

Answer 2

those who seek their food supply among available resources

Question 3

food producers

Answer 3

groups that farm, keep food animals for their own use, or transform the environment with the goal of food production

Question 4

foodways

Answer 4

the means by which food is produced

Question 5

foraging

Answer 5

lifestyles of different foraging peoples share many traits but are also quite different

Question 6

bands*

Answer 6

small groups of foragers who live and travel together

Question 7

social density

Answer 7

measure of interpersonal conflicts within a group / frequency and intensity of interactions among group members

Question 8

sexual division of labour

Answer 8

tasks divided by gender, historically men would be the ones who hunt and women the ones who stay at the campsite to perform a multitude of tasks and to gather

Question 9

egalitarian

Answer 9

society where every member gets immediate rewards from foraging
shares resources equally to limit status differences
all adults have some say in decision making
Lack of specialization and ownership help maintain the egalitarian nature

Question 10

cooperative societies

Answer 10

sharing is a key strategy for survival, food is divided evenly

Question 11

nomadic

Answer 11

groups that move frequently, ex- foragers

Question 12

3 basic models of exchange / processes of distribution*

Answer 12

reciprocity
redistribution
market exchange

Question 13

reciprocity*

Answer 13

Set of social rules that govern specialized sharing of food and other items
Practices in all types of societies
Parties involved in a reciprocal exchange enter into a social and economic bond

Question 14

generalized reciprocity*

Answer 14

the value of a gift is not specified at the time of exchange nor is the time of repayment but the parties involved have the responsibility to reciprocate at some time in a equal way

Question 15

balanced reciprocity*

Answer 15

trading with others outside your trusted circle, an exchange in which both the value of goods and the time of repayment are specified

Question 16

social distance

Answer 16

distance between people in a relationship related to exchange, when people know each other well they have less social distance

Question 17

negative reciprocity*

Answer 17

the seller is deceiving the buyer as to the real value of the object

Question 18

redistribution*

Answer 18

Found specifically in societies with central governing authorities
The process by which goods and money flow into a central entity such as governmental authority or a religious institution
Redistribution processes- taxes and tribute

Question 19

market exchange*

Answer 19

Found in agricultural and industrial societies in which surpluses are produced

Question 20

market economy

Answer 20

laws of supply and demand set market rates for food and other goods which must be traded according to a set price
Market economy is the foundation of a capitalist system

Question 21

money

Answer 21

anything that is used to measure and pay for value of goods and services

Question 22

special-purpose money

Answer 22

items used only to measure the value of things in marketplace and lacked another use beyond a symbolic one (ex- teeth, bones, shells)

Question 23

multipurpose money

Answer 23

the commodity can be used for other purposes besides money (ex-cacao beans, salt)

Question 24

horticulturalists*

Answer 24

forging groups with lands suitable for planting began supplementing their foraging lifestyle with small-scale farms or gardens
Villages are often small and occupied year-round
Small scale farming is done with simple tools
Rely on rainfall for water

Question 25

carrying capacity*

Answer 25

the number of people that can be sustained with the existing resources of a given area of the land

Question 26

leveling mechanism

Answer 26

practiced by a society to maintain a equal level of status among all members of a group
Social and economic obligation to distribute wealth so no one accumulates more than anyone else

Question 27

cargo system

Answer 27

a man undertakes obligatory volunteer service using his personal wealth to support local events, the more wealth he has the longer he is pressured to volunteer and the more prestige he earns

Question 28

swidden cultivation

Answer 28

sustainable method of farming when there is plenty of available land
Farmers prepare a plot of land by clearing fast growth trees and plant material from an area and burning the debris directly in the plot, the ash provides the land with nutrients, gardens are then planted

Question 29

pastoralism*

Answer 29

the way of life that revolves around harding animals

Question 30

animal husbandry

Answer 30

main mode of sustenance in pastoralist societies
Animal herds provide food staples such as milk, blood, butter, yogurt, cheese

Question 31

transhumance

Answer 31

a migration movement- pastoralists may seasonally move back and forth over long distances to productive pastures

Question 32

intensive agriculture*

Answer 32

Practiced by large populations that can produce more than just the amount of food required for a subsistence economy practice
the land has short fallow periods meaning fields are planted year-round with differing crops
Intensive agriculture leads to more complex social groups which play into the development of hierarchy and those who control resources have more power than those who do not

Question 33

domestication*

Answer 33

animal domestication- the process of shaping the evolution of a species for human use, breeding animals for traits most suited for human needs

Question 34

industrialism

Answer 34

highly mechanized industry produces food

Question 35

confined animal feeding operations (CAFO)

Answer 35

thousands to millions of animals are fenced or crated to create maximum profit in a minimum of space