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𝔹𝕚𝕠𝕝𝕠𝕘𝕪 F4 > Chapter 6: Cell Division till (6.2) > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Cell Division till (6.2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell division?

A
  • a process in which a parent cell divides to form new daughter cells which occur in two main stages
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2
Q

What are the two stages of cell division?

A
  • karyokinesis

- cytokinesis

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3
Q

Explain karyokinesis and cytokinesis.

A
  • karyokinesis is the division of the nucleus to form two nuclei
  • cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells
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4
Q

Cell division involves the passing of _______ _______ from parent cells to daughter cells.

A
  • genetic information
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5
Q

Inside the nucleus, ____ and ____ together form structure called ______.

A
  • DNA
  • protein
  • chromosome
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6
Q

What are the two types of body cells?

A
  • somatic cells

- gametes

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7
Q

What are somatic cells?

A
  • diploid cells with two sets of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
  • one set is the paternal chromosomes and another set is the maternal chromosomes
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8
Q

Each paternal and maternal chromosome of the same characteristic pair up to form _________ _________.

A
  • homologous chromosomes
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9
Q

What are diploid cells and haploid cells?

A
  • diploid cells are cells that have two complete sets of chromosomes
  • haploid cells are cells that have one complete set of chromosomes
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10
Q

What are gametes?

A
  • haploid cells with one set of chromosomes in the nucleus
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11
Q

The chromosomes are not ____ and appear like long threads called _____.

A
  • visible

- chromatin

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12
Q

At the same time cell division begins, each chromosome is seen to consist of two ____ ____.

A
  • identical chromatids
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13
Q

What is a cell cycle?

A
  • sequence of events that a new cell undergoes as it grows and develops and then divides to form two daughter cells
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14
Q

The cell cycle consists of ____ and _____ which are two main phases.

A
  • Interphase

- Mitosis phase ( M phase )

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15
Q

Explain Interphase and mitosis.

A

Interphase
- no cell division
- cell grows and prepares to divide
- consists of three subphases ( G1, S, and G2 )
mitosis
- cell division occurs
- two subphases ( mitosis and cytokinesis )

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16
Q

Explain the G1 phase.

A
  • cell grows rapidly
  • synthesizes organelles
  • chromosomes in the form of chromatin
17
Q

Explain the S phase.

A
  • synthesis of DNA
  • replication of DNA occurs ( one strand of a chromosome is replicated to form two identical strands called sister chromatids )
  • each chromosome is made up of two strands of sister chromatids
  • in animal cells, centrioles duplicated
18
Q

Explain the G2 phase.

A
  • cell continues to grow and remains metabolically active

- cell stores energy and prepares for cell division

19
Q

What is Mitosis?

A
  • a nuclear division which is followed by cytokinesis to form two genetically identical daughter cells
20
Q

What occurs in the prophase?

A
  • chromatin condense become visible
  • each chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere
  • centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell and spindle fiber begin to form
  • in plant cells, spindle fibres are formed without centrioles
  • at the end, the nucleolus disappears and the nuclear membrane disintegrates
21
Q

Explain metaphase.

A
  • chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
  • spindle fibres formed completely and attaches to the centromere
  • centromere divides
22
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • centromere splits
  • spindle fibres pull the sister chromatids apart
  • now knows as daughter chromosomes
  • at the end, each pole has a set of complete and identical chromosome
23
Q

Explain telophase.

A
  • spindle fibers disappear
  • new nuclear membrane is formed around the chromosomes at each pole
  • nucleolus reform in each nucleus
  • chromosomes uncoil and become thin chromatin threads
24
Q

Microfilament is formed around the center of the plasma membrane. The centre of the cell ________ ______, forming a ______ _____. The cleavage furrow deepens until the cell separates into two ______ cells.

A
  • constricts inwards
  • cleavage furrow
  • daughter
25
Q

A cell ____ is formed between the two daughter nuclei. The cell plate grows _____ from the centre of the cell dividing the cytoplasm into two halves.

A
  • plate

- outwards

26
Q

Comparison between mitosis in animal cells and plants cells.

A 
Mitosis in animal cells
- centrioles found
- mitosis occurs in stem cells
Mitosis in plant cells
- centrioles are absent
- occurs in meristematic tissues
27
Q

What is the necessity of mitosis?

A
  • development of an embryo
  • healing of wounds on the skin ( replace dead and damaged cells )
  • regeneration ( lizards are able to grow a new tail to replace the tail that is lost )
  • asexual reproduction ( aids organisms such as hydra to produce new individuals through formation of new buds )

𝔹𝕚𝕠𝕝𝕠𝕘𝕪 F4 (10 decks)

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