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π”Ήπ•šπ• π•π• π•˜π•ͺ F4 > Chapter 5: Metabolism and Enzymes > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Metabolism and Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A
  • all biochemical reactions that occur in the cell
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2
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A
  • anabolism

- catabolism

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A
  • synthesizing large complex molecules from small simple molecules
  • requires energy
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4
Q

What are the examples of anabolism?

A
  • synthesizing a polypeptide chain from amino acids

- condensation of fatty acids and glycerol to form triglyceride

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5
Q

What is catabolism?

A
  • process of breaking down large complex molecules into small simple molecules
  • releases energy
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6
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  • organic catalysts that increase the rate of biochemical reactions
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7
Q

The substance that an enzyme acts on is called _____.

A
  • substrate
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8
Q

All enzymes are ____, but not all enzymes are synthesized from ____.

A
  • proteins
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9
Q

What is the acronym for the characteristics of enzymes?

A
  • Connor ( catalyst )
  • Reed ( rapidly )
  • Sucked ( small quantity )
  • Some ( structure unchanged )
  • Rough ( reversible )
  • Cock ( cofactors )
  • In ( inhibitors )
  • Seat ( specific )
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10
Q

What are cofactors?

A
  • substances that bind to an enzyme to increase its activity
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11
Q

What are inhibitors?

A
  • substances that bind to an enzyme to decrease or stop enzyme activity
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12
Q

What are the two types of enzymes?

A
  • intracellular enzymes

- extracellular enzymes

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13
Q

Explain intracellular enzymes.

A
  • produced by a cell and functions within the cell

- synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and transported to organelles

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14
Q

Explain extracellular enzymes.

A
  • produced by a cell and functions outside the cell

- synthesized by ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

What are the first three steps in the production of extracellular enzymes?

A
  • ribosome is the site of protein synthesis
  • synthesized proteins enter the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are transported through it
  • once reaching the end, membrane buds off to form transport vesicles
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16
Q

What is the function of transport vesicles in the production of extracellular enzymes?

A
  • contains proteins that move towards the Golgi apparatus and fuses with it
17
Q

What occurs in the Golgi apparatus during the production of extracellular enzymes?

A
  • proteins modified into enzymes and secreted in secretory vesicles that are formed from the tip of the Golgi apparatus
18
Q

What is the last step in the production of extracellular enzymes?

A
  • secretory vesicles move towards plasma membrane and fuse with it to secrete extracellular enzymes
19
Q

The action of the enzyme is based on the _______.

A
  • β€˜lock and key’ hypothesis
20
Q

Enzymes have a specific region called _____.

A
  • active site
21
Q

The shape of the substrate is _______ the shape of the enzyme’s active site.

A
  • complementary to
22
Q

What structure is formed when the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme?

A
  • an enzyme-substrate complex
23
Q

Most reactions require a ________.

A
  • high activation energy
24
Q

What is activation energy?

A
  • energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
25
Q

Enzymes can be used to ____ the activation energy.

A
  • lower
26
Q

What are the factors that affect the mechanism of enzyme action?

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Substrate concentration
  • enzyme concentration
27
Q

The limiting factor for the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of enzyme reaction is

A
  • enzyme concentration
28
Q

What is called immobilized enzymes?

A
  • enzymes that are not affected by pH and temperature
29
Q

Protease enzyme is used to ________. this enzyme breaks down ____________ in meat into simpler molecules to make the meat _____. Protease enzyme found in the ________ can also be used to tenderize meat.

A
  • tenderize meat
  • large complex proteins
  • soft
  • sap of unripe papayas
30
Q

Amylase is mixed in ______ to remove the ____ stain. Amylase is needed to produce fructose syrup as food and drinks _____.

A
  • detergent
  • starch
  • sweetener
31
Q

Cellulase is used to _____ the _____ of plants such as seaweed and make jelly.

A
  • digest

- cell wall

32
Q

Yeast produces zymase to digest ____ into ____.

A
  • glucose

- ethanol

33
Q

Lactase is used to produce lactose-free milk. Lactase digest _____ into _____ and ______.

A
  • lactose
  • glucose
  • galactose
34
Q

Pectinase is used to digest _____ in plant cells. Thus, it helps to produce _____ and more volume of fruit juice.

A
  • pectin

- clear

35
Q

Trypsin is used to dissolve _______.

A
  • blood stains

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