Chapter 5: Metabolism and Enzymes Flashcards
What is metabolism?
- all biochemical reactions that occur in the cell
What are the two types of metabolism?
- anabolism
- catabolism
What is anabolism?
- synthesizing large complex molecules from small simple molecules
- requires energy
What are the examples of anabolism?
- synthesizing a polypeptide chain from amino acids
- condensation of fatty acids and glycerol to form triglyceride
What is catabolism?
- process of breaking down large complex molecules into small simple molecules
- releases energy
What are enzymes?
- organic catalysts that increase the rate of biochemical reactions
The substance that an enzyme acts on is called _____.
- substrate
All enzymes are ____, but not all enzymes are synthesized from ____.
- proteins
What is the acronym for the characteristics of enzymes?
- Connor ( catalyst )
- Reed ( rapidly )
- Sucked ( small quantity )
- Some ( structure unchanged )
- Rough ( reversible )
- Cock ( cofactors )
- In ( inhibitors )
- Seat ( specific )
What are cofactors?
- substances that bind to an enzyme to increase its activity
What are inhibitors?
- substances that bind to an enzyme to decrease or stop enzyme activity
What are the two types of enzymes?
- intracellular enzymes
- extracellular enzymes
Explain intracellular enzymes.
- produced by a cell and functions within the cell
- synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm and transported to organelles
Explain extracellular enzymes.
- produced by a cell and functions outside the cell
- synthesized by ribosomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum
What are the first three steps in the production of extracellular enzymes?
- ribosome is the site of protein synthesis
- synthesized proteins enter the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and are transported through it
- once reaching the end, membrane buds off to form transport vesicles
What is the function of transport vesicles in the production of extracellular enzymes?
- contains proteins that move towards the Golgi apparatus and fuses with it
What occurs in the Golgi apparatus during the production of extracellular enzymes?
- proteins modified into enzymes and secreted in secretory vesicles that are formed from the tip of the Golgi apparatus
What is the last step in the production of extracellular enzymes?
- secretory vesicles move towards plasma membrane and fuse with it to secrete extracellular enzymes
The action of the enzyme is based on the _______.
- βlock and keyβ hypothesis
Enzymes have a specific region called _____.
- active site
The shape of the substrate is _______ the shape of the enzymeβs active site.
- complementary to
What structure is formed when the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme?
- an enzyme-substrate complex
Most reactions require a ________.
- high activation energy
What is activation energy?
- energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction
Enzymes can be used to ____ the activation energy.
- lower
What are the factors that affect the mechanism of enzyme action?
- Temperature
- pH
- Substrate concentration
- enzyme concentration
The limiting factor for the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of enzyme reaction is
- enzyme concentration
What is called immobilized enzymes?
- enzymes that are not affected by pH and temperature
Protease enzyme is used to ________. this enzyme breaks down ____________ in meat into simpler molecules to make the meat _____. Protease enzyme found in the ________ can also be used to tenderize meat.
- tenderize meat
- large complex proteins
- soft
- sap of unripe papayas
Amylase is mixed in ______ to remove the ____ stain. Amylase is needed to produce fructose syrup as food and drinks _____.
- detergent
- starch
- sweetener
Cellulase is used to _____ the _____ of plants such as seaweed and make jelly.
- digest
- cell wall
Yeast produces zymase to digest ____ into ____.
- glucose
- ethanol
Lactase is used to produce lactose-free milk. Lactase digest _____ into _____ and ______.
- lactose
- glucose
- galactose
Pectinase is used to digest _____ in plant cells. Thus, it helps to produce _____ and more volume of fruit juice.
- pectin
- clear
Trypsin is used to dissolve _______.
- blood stains
