Chapter 6 - Cell division Flashcards
Chromatids
2 identical copies of DNA held together at a centromere
Cyclins
the chemical signal that triggers the movement from one phase to another
G1 Phase
➜ First growth phase
➜ Organelles replicate, and cell grows in size
➜ Biosynthesis - protein, enzyme & RNA synthesis
➜ P53- helps control G1 phase
↳ tumour suppressor
G1 Checkpoint
➜ If cell passes requirements it is triggered to begin DNA replication
➜ If not it enters G0 phase
➜ Checked for:
* cell size
* nutrients
* growth factors
* chromosome damage
S Phase
➜ DNA replicates (known as synthesis of DNA)
➜ Sister chromatids formed after chromosomes duplicates
➜ rapid phase - DNA susceptible to mutagenic agents
G2 Phase
➜ Second growth phase - prepares for mitosis
➜ Cell continues to increase in size
➜ Energy stores increased
➜ Chemicals stimulate proteins that will be involved in condensing chromosomes
➜ production of tubulin protein = used to make microtubules for spindle
G2 Checkpoint
➜ End of G2 phase before mitotic phase
➜ If checkpoint passed, cell initiates the molecular processes that signal mitosis
➜ Checks for:
* Cell size
* DNA replication
* DNA damage
Mitotic Phase
➜ mitosis = nucleus divides
➜ cell growth stops
➜ cytokinesis = cytoplasm divides and 2 genetically identical daughter cells produced
Cytokinesis
➜ follows M phase
In animal cells, cell surface membrane pinches inwards creating a cleavage furrow in the middle of the cell which contracts, dividing the cytoplasm in half
In plant cells, vesicles from the Golgi apparatus gather along the equator of the spindle, vesicles merge with each other to form the new cell surface membrane and secrete a layer of calcium pectate which becomes the middle lamella. Layers of cellulose are laid upon the middle lamella to form the primary and secondary walls of the cell
End product: 2 haploid cells
➜ cytokinesis = cytoplasm divides and 2 genetically identical daughter cells produced
ₘᵢₜₒₛᵢₛ Prophase
➜ Chromatin condense to form chromosomes
➜ Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell
➜ Forms a network of protein microtubules = spindle fibres
➜ Nuclear envelope breaks down
ₘᵢₜₒₛᵢₛ Metaphase
➜ No longer has nuclear membrane
➜ chromosomes line up at equator
➜ spindle fibres attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes
➜ Chromosomes attached in the middle of cell on the spindle fibres by the centromeres
ₘᵢₜₒₛᵢₛ Anaphase
➜ Centromeres divide
➜ Spindles contract and shorten
➜ Chromatids move to opposite ends of the spindle
➜ Makes chromatids V shaped
ₘᵢₜₒₛᵢₛ Telophase
➜ Chromosomes uncoil and decondense
➜ Nuclear envelope reforms and spindle fibres break down
➜ Nucleolus formed
➜ Cytokinesis occurs causing cytoplasm to split into 2 identical daughter cells
significance of mitosis
➜ damaged tissue replacement
➜ cells die = replace those (growth)
➜ some animals regenerate body parts
➜ unicellular zygotes (zygote divides by mitosis) to grow into multicellular organisms
Mitosis in plant cells
➜ growth in plants occur in meristems
➜ root tip meristem found behind the protective root cap
➜ pre prepared slides of root tips can be studied - using squash technique
Asexual reproduction
➜ the production of new individuals of a species by a single parent organism
➜ offspring = genetically identical to parent