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A&P 1 > Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main organs of the skeletal system?

A

bones

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2
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A

protection, mineral storage, maintenance of acid-base homeostasis, blood cell formation, fat storage, movement, and support

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3
Q

the 5 different shapes of bones …

A

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones

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4
Q

the layer that covers bones is…

A

the periosteum

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5
Q

the periosteum sits on top of…

A

hard, outer compact bone

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6
Q

compact bone

A

hard, dense bone tissue located on the exterior of a bone; composed of osteons

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7
Q

long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • include most arm & leg bones (ex:humerus), as well as bones of hand, feet, fingers, and toes
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8
Q

short bones

A
  • about as long as they are wide, roughly CUBE SHAPED
  • includes carpals (wrist bones) / tarsals (ankle bones)
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9
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin and broad
  • include most skull bones, ribs, sternum, and pelvis bones
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10
Q

irregular bones

A
  • irregular shape
  • include the vertebrae and certain skull bones
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11
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • “sesame-shaped”
  • small, relatively flat, and oval-shaped bones located within tendons

-includes the patella (kneecap)

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12
Q

spongy bone

A

bone tissue located inside the bone; composed of small trabeculae

honey-comb like sponge

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13
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

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14
Q

epiphyses

A

the ends of the long bone (2 ends)

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15
Q

red bone marrow

A

contains blood stem cell (hematopoietic cells), which are responsible for generating blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets)

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16
Q

hematopoietic tissue

A

Tissue in which new blood cells are formed

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17
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

houses blood vessels and adipocytes (fat cells)

contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells.

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18
Q

bone inorganic matrix composition:

A

composed primarily of calcium and phosphorus salts existing as hydroxyapatite crystals

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19
Q

hydroxyapatite crystals

A

a mineral that makes bone one of the HARDEST SUBSTANCES in the body

gives bone STRENGTH and ability to RESIST compression, which allows it to perform functions of support and protection

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20
Q

bone organic matrix composition:

A

also called osteoid (unmineralized, organic portion of bone matrix that forms prior to maturation of bone tissue)

mainly consists of COLLAGEN fibers and other ECM components

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21
Q

osteoid

A

the organic component of the ECM of osseous tissue

consists of collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and bone-specific proteins

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22
Q

the 3 main types of cells found in bone are…

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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23
Q

osteoblasts

A

responsible for bone deposition (make more bone)

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24
Q

osteocytes

A

are mature osteoblasts that have become surrounded by the ECM they have secreted

25
Q

osteoclasts

A

responsible for bone resorption (break bone down)

26
Q

composition of compact bone:

A

composed primarily of subunits called osteons that consist of rings of bone ECM called lamellae

27
Q

osteons

A

the functional unit of compact bone

made up of rings of bone matrix called lamellae that surround a central canal

28
Q

the 2 types of bone formation processes are…

A

ossification & osteogenesis

29
Q

primary bone

A

first bone formed by both types of ossification is immature bone called primary bone or woven bone

consists of irregularly arranged collagen bundles, abundant osteocytes, and little inorganic matrix

30
Q

secondary bone

A

the primary bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced by mature secondary bone, also called lamellar bone

has fully formed lamellae with regularly arranged collagen bundles, parallel to one another, which makes it stronger than primary bone

31
Q

majority of bones are completely ossified by age….

A

7

32
Q

bone inorganic matrix

A

composed of inorganic bone salts, mainly hydroxyapatite

33
Q

bone organic matrix

A

includes the collagen and ground substance

ground substance contains glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans

34
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

the process by which certain flat bones develop directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue

involves the replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony tissue

Ex: embryonic flat bone formation of skull, maxilla, mandible, clavicle, etc

35
Q

primary ossification center

A

generally in the diaphysis of a long bone

36
Q

secondary ossification center

A

generally in the epiphyses

37
Q

describe spongy bone formation

A

Osteoblasts penetrate the disintegrating cartilage and replace it with spongy bone,

this forms a primary ossification center, after which the periosteum transforms, and finally compact bone forms

38
Q

endochondral ossification

A

the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue

hyaline cartilage serves as a scaffold for the developing bone

39
Q

longitudinal growth

A

process by which bones grow in length

40
Q

where does longitudinal growth occur?

A

occurs at the epiphyseal plate in long bones, which consists of five zones of cells

41
Q

5 zones of cells (from closest to epiphysis to closest to diaphysis)

A

zone of; reserve cartilage, proliferation, hypertrophy and maturation, calcification, ossification

42
Q

zone of reserve cartilage

A

contains cells that are not directly involved in bone growth but that can be called upon to divide if needed

“reserved cells”

43
Q

zone of proliferation

A

it has actively dividing chondrocytes in lacunae

Chrondrocytes are stacked in rows and creates a cartilage matrix

44
Q

zone of hypertrophy and maturation

A

contains mature chondrocytes (older and larger)

In this zone, lipids, and glycogen accumulates, causing the cartilaginous matrix to calcify

45
Q

zone of calcification

A

contains dead chondrocytes, some of which are calcified

46
Q

zone of ossification

A

calcified chondrocytes and osteoblasts that build bone

47
Q

chondrocytes

A

cells producing and maintaining the cartilage matrix.

vital in sustaining homeostasis in the joints, provides cushioning in joint movements

48
Q

what happens when epiphyseal plate fully ossifies?

A

no further longitudinal bone growth is possible

epiphyseal plate “seals” closed and becomes epiphyseal line

49
Q

apposition growth

A
  • Bones grow in width
  • process in which osteoblasts in the periosteum secrete new circumferential lamellae
50
Q

what 3 hormones exert significant effect on bone growth?

A

growth hormone, testosterone, and estrogen

51
Q

bone remodeling

A

a combination of the continual processes of bone deposition, carried out by osteoblasts, and bone resorption, carried out by osteoclasts

52
Q

variables that influence bone remodeling (bone deposition/resorption)

A
  1. BONE TENSION/PRESSURE - tension triggers osteoblasts , pressure triggers osteoclasts
  2. HORMONES - vitamin D, testosterone, and estrogen generally lead to net bone deposition
  3. DIETARY FACTORS - adequate intake of calcium ions, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin K, and protein all influence bone remodeling
  4. PARATHYROID HORMONE - stimulates osteoclasts, calcium ion absorption in the intestines, and calcium ion retention by the kidneys. These effects increase the calcium concentration in the blood
53
Q

fractures

A

a partial or complete break in the bone

54
Q

the 2 types of fractures are…

A

simple (closed) and compound (open) fractures

55
Q

simple fracture

A

just a crack in the bone, bone is still in place

56
Q

compound (open) fracture

A

the bone is broken and some parts are kind of sticking out, not just a crack

57
Q

describe how bone fractures heal

A

first, chondroblasts secrete cartilage, forming the soft callus…

Osteoblasts later replace the soft callus with a bone callus made of primary bone

58
Q

soft callus

A

mixture of hyaline cartilage and collagenous connective tissue

first type of soft bone created post fracture, replaces the blood clot at the fracture site

Holds fractured bone together, but it’s not strong enough to be used in the way that bone would be used

59
Q

bone callus

A

hard callus is actually bone, but it’s still softer than regular bone.

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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