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A&P 1 > Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main organs of the skeletal system?

A

bones

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2
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A

protection, mineral storage, maintenance of acid-base homeostasis, blood cell formation, fat storage, movement, and support

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3
Q

the 5 different shapes of bones …

A

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid bones

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4
Q

the layer that covers bones is…

A

the periosteum

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5
Q

the periosteum sits on top of…

A

hard, outer compact bone

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6
Q

compact bone

A

hard, dense bone tissue located on the exterior of a bone; composed of osteons

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7
Q

long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • include most arm & leg bones (ex:humerus), as well as bones of hand, feet, fingers, and toes
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8
Q

short bones

A
  • about as long as they are wide, roughly CUBE SHAPED
  • includes carpals (wrist bones) / tarsals (ankle bones)
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9
Q

flat bones

A
  • thin and broad
  • include most skull bones, ribs, sternum, and pelvis bones
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10
Q

irregular bones

A
  • irregular shape
  • include the vertebrae and certain skull bones
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11
Q

sesamoid bones

A
  • “sesame-shaped”
  • small, relatively flat, and oval-shaped bones located within tendons

-includes the patella (kneecap)

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12
Q

spongy bone

A

bone tissue located inside the bone; composed of small trabeculae

honey-comb like sponge

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13
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

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14
Q

epiphyses

A

the ends of the long bone (2 ends)

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15
Q

red bone marrow

A

contains blood stem cell (hematopoietic cells), which are responsible for generating blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets)

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16
Q

hematopoietic tissue

A

Tissue in which new blood cells are formed

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17
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

houses blood vessels and adipocytes (fat cells)

contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells.

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18
Q

bone inorganic matrix composition:

A

composed primarily of calcium and phosphorus salts existing as hydroxyapatite crystals

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19
Q

hydroxyapatite crystals

A

a mineral that makes bone one of the HARDEST SUBSTANCES in the body

gives bone STRENGTH and ability to RESIST compression, which allows it to perform functions of support and protection

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20
Q

bone organic matrix composition:

A

also called osteoid (unmineralized, organic portion of bone matrix that forms prior to maturation of bone tissue)

mainly consists of COLLAGEN fibers and other ECM components

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21
Q

osteoid

A

the organic component of the ECM of osseous tissue

consists of collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and bone-specific proteins

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22
Q

the 3 main types of cells found in bone are…

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

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23
Q

osteoblasts

A

responsible for bone deposition (make more bone)

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24
Q

osteocytes

A

are mature osteoblasts that have become surrounded by the ECM they have secreted

25
osteoclasts
responsible for bone resorption (break bone down)
26
composition of compact bone:
composed primarily of subunits called osteons that consist of rings of bone ECM called lamellae
27
osteons
the functional unit of compact bone made up of rings of bone matrix called lamellae that surround a central canal
28
the 2 types of bone formation processes are...
ossification & osteogenesis
29
primary bone
first bone formed by both types of ossification is immature bone called primary bone or woven bone consists of irregularly arranged collagen bundles, abundant osteocytes, and little inorganic matrix
30
secondary bone
the primary bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced by mature secondary bone, also called lamellar bone has fully formed lamellae with regularly arranged collagen bundles, parallel to one another, which makes it stronger than primary bone
31
majority of bones are completely ossified by age....
7
32
bone inorganic matrix
composed of inorganic bone salts, mainly hydroxyapatite
33
bone organic matrix
includes the collagen and ground substance ground substance contains glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans
34
intramembranous ossification
the process by which certain flat bones develop directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue involves the replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony tissue Ex: embryonic flat bone formation of skull, maxilla, mandible, clavicle, etc
35
primary ossification center
generally in the diaphysis of a long bone
36
secondary ossification center
generally in the epiphyses
37
describe spongy bone formation
Osteoblasts penetrate the disintegrating cartilage and replace it with spongy bone, this forms a primary ossification center, after which the periosteum transforms, and finally compact bone forms
38
endochondral ossification
the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue hyaline cartilage serves as a scaffold for the developing bone
39
longitudinal growth
process by which bones grow in length
40
where does longitudinal growth occur?
occurs at the epiphyseal plate in long bones, which consists of five zones of cells
41
5 zones of cells (from closest to epiphysis to closest to diaphysis)
zone of; reserve cartilage, proliferation, hypertrophy and maturation, calcification, ossification
42
zone of reserve cartilage
contains cells that are not directly involved in bone growth but that can be called upon to divide if needed "reserved cells"
43
zone of proliferation
it has actively dividing chondrocytes in lacunae Chrondrocytes are stacked in rows and creates a cartilage matrix
44
zone of hypertrophy and maturation
contains mature chondrocytes (older and larger) In this zone, lipids, and glycogen accumulates, causing the cartilaginous matrix to calcify
45
zone of calcification
contains dead chondrocytes, some of which are calcified
46
zone of ossification
calcified chondrocytes and osteoblasts that build bone
47
chondrocytes
cells producing and maintaining the cartilage matrix. vital in sustaining homeostasis in the joints, provides cushioning in joint movements
48
what happens when epiphyseal plate fully ossifies?
no further longitudinal bone growth is possible epiphyseal plate "seals" closed and becomes epiphyseal line
49
apposition growth
- Bones grow in width - process in which osteoblasts in the periosteum secrete new circumferential lamellae
50
what 3 hormones exert significant effect on bone growth?
growth hormone, testosterone, and estrogen
51
bone remodeling
a combination of the continual processes of bone deposition, carried out by osteoblasts, and bone resorption, carried out by osteoclasts
52
variables that influence bone remodeling (bone deposition/resorption)
1. BONE TENSION/PRESSURE - tension triggers osteoblasts , pressure triggers osteoclasts 2. HORMONES - vitamin D, testosterone, and estrogen generally lead to net bone deposition 3. DIETARY FACTORS - adequate intake of calcium ions, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin K, and protein all influence bone remodeling 4. PARATHYROID HORMONE - stimulates osteoclasts, calcium ion absorption in the intestines, and calcium ion retention by the kidneys. These effects increase the calcium concentration in the blood
53
fractures
a partial or complete break in the bone
54
the 2 types of fractures are...
simple (closed) and compound (open) fractures
55
simple fracture
just a crack in the bone, bone is still in place
56
compound (open) fracture
the bone is broken and some parts are kind of sticking out, not just a crack
57
describe how bone fractures heal
first, chondroblasts secrete cartilage, forming the soft callus... Osteoblasts later replace the soft callus with a bone callus made of primary bone
58
soft callus
mixture of hyaline cartilage and collagenous connective tissue first type of soft bone created post fracture, replaces the blood clot at the fracture site Holds fractured bone together, but it’s not strong enough to be used in the way that bone would be used
59
bone callus
hard callus is actually bone, but it’s still softer than regular bone.

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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