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A&P 1 > Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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2
Q

atom

A

smallest particle of matter. composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons

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3
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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4
Q

4 major elements found in human body

A

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

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5
Q

isotopes

A

atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers

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6
Q

mixtures

A

physical combinations of matter

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7
Q

3 types of mixtures

A

suspensions, colloids, and solutions

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8
Q

solution

A

contains a solvent that dissolves a solute. The amount of solute present in a _____ is the “concentration”

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9
Q

chemical bonds

A

atoms united chemically to form molecules or compounds.

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10
Q

valence electrons

A

the electrons in an atom’s outermost shell

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11
Q

ionic bond

A

forms when a metal and nonmetal transfer electrons to form cations and anions. The ______ results from the attraction of the pos. charged metal cation and the neg. charged nonmetal anion.

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12
Q

covalent bond

A

forms when two or more atoms share electrons so that each atom obeys the octet rule

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13
Q

octet rule

A

the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell. When atoms have fewer than eight electrons, they tend to react and form more stable compounds.

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14
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

type of chemical bond that is formed when electrons are shared equally between two atoms.

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15
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons between two nonmetals. The electrons are pulled more strongly by the more electronegative atom, and a dipole results.

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16
Q

dipole

A

a partially positive and partially negative pole that forms as a result of a polar covalent bond

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17
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

bond formed b/w partially (+) hydrogen atom and another partially or fully (-) electronegative atom (nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine)

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18
Q

chemical reactions

A

Any time chemical bonds are formed, broken, or rearranged, or electrons are transferred between atoms

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19
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work. There are two types of _____ : potential energy and kinetic energy

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20
Q

potential energy

A

energy that is stored

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21
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

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22
Q

3 forms of potential/kinetic energy in the body

A

chemical energy, electrical energy, and mechanical energy

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23
Q

exergonic reaction

A

reaction that releases energy

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24
Q

endergonic reaction

A

reaction that consumes energy

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25
Q

3 types of reactions in human body

A

catabolic, exchange, and anabolic (aka synthesis).

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26
Q

Catabolic (aka decomposition) reactions

A

break larger molecules into smaller ones (collapse = break down)

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27
Q

exchange reaction

A

one or more atoms from the reactants are exchanged for another

28
Q

anabolic (aka synthesis) reaction

A

form larger molecules from smaller ones (anabolic = add more)

29
Q

factors for rate of reactions

A

reactants concentration, temperature, size and phase of the reactants, and presence/absence of a catalyst.

30
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalysts that increase the speed of a reaction

31
Q

water

A

acts as a solvent for substances with polar covalent and ionic bonds, which are hydrophilic, but not for those with nonpolar covalent bonds, which are hydrophobic.

32
Q

hydrophilic

A

having a tendency to dissolve in water

33
Q

hydrophobic

A

tending to repel to mix/dissolve in water

34
Q

acid

A

a molecule or other entity that can donate a proton or accept an electron pair in reactions

35
Q

base

A

a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and can neutralize an acid

36
Q

pH scale

A

logarithmic scale that represents the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

37
Q

pH less than 7

A

acidic; as the pH decreases the number ____, the solution becomes more acidic.

38
Q

pH of 7

A

neutral pH level

39
Q

pH greater than 7

A

basic (alkaline); as pH increases, solution becomes more basic

40
Q

buffer

A

system of chemicals that resist a change in pH

41
Q

salt

A

metal cation bonded ionically to a nonmetal anion. _____ are electrolytes

42
Q

monomer

A

atoms or small molecules that bond together to form more complex structures such as polymers

43
Q

polymer

A

a long chain molecule that’s formed from small molecules (monomers) linked together

44
Q

carbohydrates

A

primarily functions as fuel in the body but also plays a structural role

45
Q

monosaccharides

A

carbohydrate monomers

46
Q

most abundant monosaccharides in the body

A

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose

47
Q

disaccharides

A

formed from the union of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis

48
Q

polysaccharides

A

consist of many monosaccharides. Glycogen is the body’s main polysaccharide

49
Q

lipids

A

stores energy, forms structural components of cell membrane, and functions as signaling molecules.

50
Q

fatty acid

A

monomer of fats. the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat

51
Q

triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids joined to glycerol

52
Q

phospholipid

A

contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to glycerol

It is an amphiphilic molecule

53
Q

steroids

A

a class of lipids based upon a four-ring hydrocarbon steroid nucleus

Any of a group of lipids (fats) that have a certain chemical structure.

54
Q

proteins

A

function as enzymes, play structural roles, are involved in movement, function in the body’s defenses, can be used as fuel, and more

55
Q

polypeptide

A

chain of amino acids (protein)

56
Q

How many levels of organization does protein have?

A

4 levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and possible quaternary structures

57
Q

denature

A

molecule permanently loses its shape and therefore its function

58
Q

causes of denaturing

A

heat, pH changes, and certain chemicals

59
Q

nucleotide

A

a monomer composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

60
Q

2 types of nitrogenous bases

A

Purines= adenine (A) and guanine (G)

Pyrimidines= cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)

61
Q

adenosine triphosphate

A

(ATP) the body’s main source of chemical energy. ATP is synthesized from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate group.

62
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA & RNA

63
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

aka DNA, only found in cell nucleus. has 2 strands of nucleotides (double helix) joined by hydrogen bonds

64
Q

DNA

A

contains genes that provide the “recipe” or code for every protein in the body

65
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

aka RNA, single strand of nucleotides that move between cell’s nucleus and cytosol. helps assemble amino acids into a protein outside the nucleus.

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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