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A&P 1 > Chapter 4: Histology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Histology Flashcards

1
Q

histology

A

study of the structure of tissues

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2
Q

tissue

A

composed of cells and surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM)

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3
Q

extracellular matrix composition (ECM)

A

is composed of the substances surrounding the cells in a tissue

ECM has 2 main components: ground substance and protein fibers

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4
Q

4 classes of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

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5
Q

function of ECM

A

provides tissue with strength, regulates cell activity, and anchors cells in place

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6
Q

3 types of protein fibers

A

collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

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7
Q

collagen fibers

A

most abundant protein in body; composed of multiple subunits of fibrous protein

  • very resistant to tension/pressure (STRONG)
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8
Q

elastic fibers

A
  • composed of the protein “elastin”, that’s surrounded by glycoproteins
  • very STRETCHY and does NOT break, returns to original length
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9
Q

reticular fibers

A

a type of collagen fiber

thinner and shorter than collagen fibers, and they interweave to form a meshwork (reticul- = “netlike”) that supports cells and the ground substance of many tissues.

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10
Q

cell junctions

A

intercellular connections between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells of tissues

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11
Q

tight junctions

A

make the space between adjacent cells impermeable to macromolecules (sealed tight)

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12
Q

desmosomes

A

anchor neighboring cells together to increase the strength of a tissue with respect to mechanical stress

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13
Q

gap junctions

A

small pores in the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells that allow small substances to pass from the cytosol of one cell to that of another

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14
Q

functions of epithelial tissues

A

function in protection, immune defenses, secretion, transport, and sensation

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15
Q

what cell junctions does epithelial cells have?

A

epithelial cells are joined by tight junctions and desmosomes

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16
Q

basement membrane

A

thin, dense layer of ECM that anchors epithelia to underlying tissues

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17
Q

is Epithelia vascular or avascular?

A

avascular (no blood vessels)

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18
Q

simple epithelia

A

only one cell layer

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19
Q

stratified epithelia

A

have 2 or more cell layers

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20
Q

squamous epithelia

A

FLAT cell layer(s)

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21
Q

cuboidal epithelia

A

CUBED cell layer(s)

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22
Q

columnar epithelia

A

COLUMN shaped (long) cell layer(s)

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23
Q

describe transport across simple epithelia

A

only 1 thin cell layer, substances are able to cross them rapidly

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24
Q

2 types of transport across epithelia

A

paracellular transport and transcellular transport

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25
Q

paracellular transport

A

substances can leak between the cracks of the epithelial cells

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26
Q

transcellular transport

A

process where substances cross epithelia directly

substance enters cell’s the phospholipid bilayer, diffuses through cytosol, and exits through other cell surface.

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27
Q

list of simple epithelia

A

simple squamous, simple cuboidal, and simple columnar epithelium

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28
Q

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

a type of simple epithelium that appears stratified but consists of only a single layer of cells

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29
Q

list of stratified epithelium

A

stratified squamous (may or may have keratinized layer)

stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia (both rare in body)

transitional epithelium (found in urinary system)

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30
Q

2 types of glands in the body

A

exocrine, and endocrine glands

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31
Q

exocrine glands

A

release their product through a duct to an epithelial surface. Most of their products have local actions

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32
Q

endocrine glands

A

release their product into the bloodstream

their products can have actions on distant target cells in the body

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33
Q

structure of multicellular glands

A

vary in shape and complexity

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34
Q

3 ways exocrine glands release their products:

A

merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine secretion

35
Q

merocrine secretion

A

the product is released by exocytosis

36
Q

holocrine secretion

A

the cell ruptures (breaks), releasing the product

37
Q

apocrine secretion

A

a portion of the cytoplasm is pinched off and released with the product

38
Q

connective tissues functions

A

include connecting and binding, support, protection, and transport

39
Q

2 basic types of connective tissue:

A

connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue

40
Q

cells of connective tissue proper

A

may be resident cells or migrant cells.

Resident cells: fibroblasts, adipocytes, mast cells, and phagocytes

Migrant: Leukocytes (white blood cells)

41
Q

4 types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose (areolar) and dense connective tissue, reticular tissue, and adipose tissue

42
Q

Loose connective tissue

A
  • has all 3 fiber types (collagen, elastic, reticular)
  • primary element = ground substance
  • part of the SKIN and lines body CAVITIES and hollow organs
43
Q

functions of dense connective tissue

A

supports, protects, and holds bones, muscles, and other tissues and organs in place

44
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

contains bundles of collagen fibers arranged at various angles (RANDOM) to one another

45
Q

Dense regular collagenous connective tissue

A

contains parallel bundles of collagen fibers

46
Q

dense regular elastic connective tissue

A

contains parallel bundles of elastic fibers

47
Q

reticular tissue

A

contains numerous reticular fibers in its ECM that form weblike networks in the SPLEEN and LYMPH NODES

48
Q

adipose tissue

A

contains adipocytes (fat storage cells) as its primary element

49
Q

adipocyte

A

a cell specialized for the storage of fat, found in connective tissue

50
Q

The 3 specialized connective tissues:

A

cartilage, bone, and blood

51
Q

cartilage

A

a tough but flexible tissue that absorbs shock and is resistant to tension and compression

52
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

53
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

found on the ends of bones in joints, in the nose, in certain respiratory passages, and where the ribs meet the sternum

54
Q

fibrocartilage

A

contains many bundles of collagen fibers in its ECM

is found in certain joints and the INTERVERTEBRAL discs

55
Q

elastic cartilage

A

contains elastic fibers in its ECM and is found in the EAR and in parts of the LARYNX

56
Q

bone (osseous tissue) composition

A

contains collagen fibers, ground substance, and calcium phosphate crystals

57
Q

osteoblasts

A

make (BUILD) the organic component of the ECM

58
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone (clasts = clash/destroy)

59
Q

blood

A

a fluid connective tissue

ECM is plasma and the main cell types are erythrocytes and leukocytes

60
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

61
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

62
Q

describe how muscle tissue cells function

A

cells contract by turning the chemical energy of ATP into the mechanical energy of movement

63
Q

muscle cells

A

excitable cells that respond to electrical or chemical stimulation

They may be striated or smooth

64
Q

3 types of muscle tissue:

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissue

65
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

voluntary

consists of long, striated, multinucleated muscle fibers

66
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

involuntary

found in the heart. cells are striated, short, wide, and uni-nucleated

united by intercalated discs.

67
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

involuntary

uninucleate smooth muscle cells

found in the eye, lining most hollow organs, in the ducts of certain glands

68
Q

nervous tissue makes up most of…

A

the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

69
Q

neurons

A

excitable cells that send and receive messages in the form of NERVE IMPULSES to other neurons, muscle cells, and/or glands

70
Q

axon

A

SINGLE neuron arm

carries nerve impulses AWAY from the CELL BODY

71
Q

dendrites

A

one or more neuron arms

bring impulses from other neurons INTO the CELL BODY

72
Q

neuroglial cells

A

the supporting cells of nervous tissue. Small dots in that float around it.

73
Q

organs

A

made up of several different types of tissues that function together

74
Q

membranes

A

thin sheets of one or more tissues that anchor organs in place, create barriers, function in immunity, and secrete substances

75
Q

serous membranes

A

true membranes that secrete serous fluid

form the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal body cavities

76
Q

serous fluid

A

fills the interior of the membrane (lubricant)

77
Q

synovial membranes

A

true membranes that secrete synovial fluid

line the cavities surrounding freely moveable joints

78
Q

mucous membranes

A

membrane-like structures that SECRETE MUCOUS and line body passages and hollow organs that open to the outside of the body

79
Q

cutaneous membranes

A

the skin, a membrane-like structure, and it consists of the superficial epidermis and the deeper dermis

80
Q

regeneration

A

dama​ge​d cells are replaced with cells of the same type

81
Q

fibrosis

A

fibroblasts fill in the defect with dense irregular connective tissue, forming scar tissue

82
Q

tissues that undergo regeneration

A

Epithelial, most connective, and smooth muscle tissues

83
Q

tissues that undergo fibrosis

A

Cartilage, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle tissues

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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