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A&P 1 > Chapter 3: The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 3: The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

list basic cell functions

A

cell metabolism, transport of substances through the cell, communication, and cell reproduction

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2
Q

3 basic components of a cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

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3
Q

plasma membrane

A

separates cell body into 2 compartments; the ECF and ICF

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4
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid (outside)

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5
Q

ICF

A

intracellular fluid or cytosol (inside)

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6
Q

cytoplasm

A

consists of cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton

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7
Q

nucleus

A

houses most of the cell’s DNA

controls cell’s functions

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8
Q

why do cells vary in size & structure?

A

it enables them to better perform specialized functions

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9
Q

the plasma membrane is primarily composed of a….

A

phospholipid bilayer

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10
Q

describe the phospholipid bilayer structure

A
  • the hydrophilic phosphate heads face the
    water-containing cytosol and ECF
  • hydrophobic fatty acid tails face one another

0 0
||||
0 0

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11
Q

describe fluid mosaic model

A

plasma membrane is a fluid, dynamic structure that moves laterally within the plan of the phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

integral proteins

A

-embedded in the membrane, with transmembrane proteins spanning across membrane

  • helps transport molecules through membrane
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13
Q

peripheral proteins

A

found on one side of the membrane only

ooo
_______________
_______________

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14
Q

membrane proteins functions

A
  • May function as channels, carriers, enzymes, or receptors
  • They may also provide structural support to cells and tissues.
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15
Q

what type of diffusion is the phospholipid bilayer

A

selectively permeable

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16
Q

passive transport processes

A

movement of a substance across the membrane without using ATP

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17
Q

active transport processes

A

movement of a substance across the membrane against a gradient

REQUIRES ATP

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18
Q

diffusion

A

a type of passive transport in which solutes move down their concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached

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19
Q

concentration gradient

A

a situation where a differential concentration of a substance exists, high concentration is present in one location and low concen. is present in another.

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20
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of solutes directly through the phospholipid bilayer

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21
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

molecules diffuse across the plasma membrane with assistance from membrane proteins, such as channels and carriers

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22
Q

osmosis

A

a type of passive transport in which the solvent moves across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher concentration

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23
Q

tonicity

A

The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move into or out of a cell by osmosis

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24
Q

isotonic ECF

A
  • amount of water entering the cell = water leaving the cells
  • solution concentration outside cell = solute concentration inside cell
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25
Q

hypertonic ECF

A

water is transported out of the cell

solute concentration inside cell is LOWER than solution concentration outside cell

26
Q

hypotonic ECF

A

water enters the cell

solute concentration is higher inside cell

27
Q

primary active transport

A

a membrane protein uses ATP to “pump” a solute against its concentration gradient

One of body’s main pumps is the Na+/K+ pump.

28
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses a primary active transport pump to create a concentration gradient, and then uses stored energy from that concentration gradient to pump another solute into/out of the cell against its concentration gradient.

29
Q

membrane potential

A

separates thin layer of (+) charges in the ECF and thin layer of (-) charges in the cytosol

30
Q

vesicular transport

A

a type of active transport process that allows large substances to enter or exit the cell packaged in membrane-enclosed transport vesicles.

30
Q

vesicular transport

A

a type of active transport process that allows large substances to enter or exit the cell packaged in membrane-enclosed transport vesicles.

31
Q

endocytosis

A

process by which cells take in substances from outside of cell by engulfing them in a vesicle

can include nutrients to support the cell or pathogens that immune cells engulf and destroy

2 types of endocytosis: Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis

32
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes
  • crucial in immune system
33
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell’s plasma membrane engulfs droplets of ECF, taking in any dissolved material with it

34
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

specific ligands bind to their receptors on the plasma membrane and become concentrated in protein-coated pits

35
Q

exocytosis

A

the process by which large substances are packaged into a vesicle that fuses with the plasma membrane and are released from the cell

36
Q

organelles

A

specialized components within the cell that carry out specific functions. Most organelles are membrane-enclosed

37
Q

mitochondria

A

produce the bulk of the cell’s ATP by oxidative catabolism

stores calcium

38
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • oxidize toxic substances and fatty acids
  • synthesize certain phospholipids
39
Q

ribosomes

A

small, granular organelle that makes (synthesizes) proteins

40
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

a large branching network of tubules and sacs that enclose a single space

41
Q

Rough ER (RER)

A

has ribosomes attached to its surface, and it modifies and folds proteins made by those ribosomes

42
Q

Smooth ER (SER)

A

has no ribosomes on its surface

It stores calcium, synthesizes lipids, and detoxifies certain substances

43
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

a stack of flattened sacs. It modifies and packages products to be secreted from the cell by exocytosis, to become part of the plasma membrane, or to be incorporated into lysosomes

44
Q

lysosomes

A

contain digestive enzymes that break down substances taken into the cell by endocytosis, as well as worn-out organelles

45
Q

cytoskeleton

A

gives the cell its characteristic shape and size, supports the plasma membrane and nucleus, moves substances within the cell, divides the cell, and moves the cell itself

46
Q

actin filaments

A

abundant beneath the plasma membrane

they form network that provides mechanical support, determines cell shape, and allows movement of cell surface, thereby enabling cells to migrate, engulf particles, and divide

47
Q

intermediate filaments

A

flexible ropelike filaments that prevent excessive stretching of cells that are subjected to external/ internal physical forces. provides organelle/structural support.

found in hair and nails

48
Q

microtubules

A

are the largest cytoskeleton filaments, supports cell shape, holds organelles in their place, moves organelles within cell, and forms cilia and flagella

49
Q

microvilli

A

which increases the surface area of the membrane. Sections that concave down into the surface.

50
Q

cilia

A

hairlike projections that sweep substances past the cell

51
Q

flagella

A

single projections that propel the cell itself (sperm tail)

52
Q

nucleus

A
  • contains most of the cell’s DNA
  • the control center of the cell
53
Q

nuclear envelope

A

surrounds the nucleus

54
Q

chromatin

A

genetic material made up of DNA, RNA, and proteins that form into chromosomes within the nucleus

55
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs, one maternal set and one paternal set

56
Q

nucleoli

A

An area inside the nucleus of a cell that is made up of RNA and proteins and is where ribosomes are made.

57
Q

protein synthesis

A

the process by which the cell uses instructions in the DNA to build proteins

58
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA that specifies the amino acid sequence of a single protein

59
Q

genetic code

A

the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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