Chapter 6- Attitudes and Attitude Change

Question 1

Attitudes

Answer 1

evaluations of people, objects, or ideas

Question 2

An affective

Answer 2

component, consisting of emotional reactions toward the attitude object (e.g., another person or a social issue)

Question 3

A cognitive

Answer 3

component, consisting of thoughts and beliefs about the attitude object

Question 4

A behavioural

Answer 4

component, consisting of actions or observable behaviour toward the attitude object

Question 5

Affectively Based Attitude

Answer 5

an attitude based primarily on people’s emotions and feelings about the attitude object

Question 6

Cognitively Based Attitude

Answer 6

an attitude based primarily on a person’s beliefs about the properties of an attitude object

Question 7

Behaviourally Based Attitude

Answer 7

an attitude based primarily on observations of how one behaves toward an object

Question 8

Explicit Attitudes

Answer 8

attitudes that we consciously support and can easily report

Question 9

Implicit Attitudes

Answer 9

attitudes that are involuntary, uncontrollable, and at times unconscious

Question 10

Theory of Planned Behaviour

Answer 10

a theory that the best predictors of people’s planned, deliberate behaviours are their attitudes toward specific behaviours, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control

Question 11

Persuasive Communication

Answer 11

communication advocating a particular side of an issue

Question 12

Yale Attitude Change Approach

Answer 12

the study of the conditions under which people are most likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasive messages; it focuses on the source of the communication, the nature of the communication, and the nature of the audience

Question 13

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Answer 13

a theory explaining that there are two ways in which persuasive communication can cause attitude change: the central route, when people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments in the communication, and the peripheral route when people do not pay attention to the arguments but are instead swayed by surface characteristics

Question 14

Central Route to Persuasion

Answer 14

the case in which people have the ability and the motivation to elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments

Question 15

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Answer 15

the case in which people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by more superficial cues

Question 16

Fear-Arousing Communication

Answer 16

a persuasive message that attempts to change people’s attitudes by arousing their fears

Question 17

Subliminal Messages

Answer 17

words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but that supposedly influence people’s judgments, attitudes, and behaviours

Question 18

Attitude Inoculation

Answer 18

the process of making people immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position

Question 19

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 19

feeling of unease when actions don’t align with beliefs

Question 20

Post-Decision Dissonance

Answer 20

dissonance that is aroused after making a decision; such dissonance is typically reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the chosen alternative and devaluing the rejected alternatives

Question 21

Justification of Effort

Answer 21

the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain

Question 22

External Justification

Answer 22

a person’s reason or explanation for dissonant behaviour that resides outside the individual (e.g., to receive a large reward or avoid punishment)

Question 23

Internal Justification

Answer 23

the reduction of dissonance by changing something about oneself (e.g., one’s attitude or behaviour)

Question 24

Counterattitudinal Behaviour

Answer 24

acting in a way that runs counter to a person’s private belief or ​​​attitude

Question 25

Insufficient Punishment

Answer 25

the dissonance aroused when individuals lack sufficient external justification for having resisted a desired activity or object, usually resulting in individuals devaluing the forbidden activity or object

Question 26

Hypocrisy Induction

Answer 26

the arousal of dissonance by having individuals make statements that run counter to their behaviours and then reminding them of the inconsistency between what they are saying and their actual behaviour

Question 27

Self-Affirmation Theory

Answer 27

theory suggesting that people will reduce the impact of a dissonance-arousing threat to their self-concept by focusing on and affirming their competence on some dimension unrelated to the threat

Question 28

Persuasive message

Answer 28

is the audience motivated an able to elaborate on the message

Question 29

Mere exposure effect:

Answer 29

-the more we are exposed to a novel stimulus, the more we tend to like it
-after 20 exposures the influence is less

Question 30

Fear appeals

Answer 30

sometiemes persuasive messages rely on fear to change people’s attitudes
-this works as long as the message also teaches the audience how to reduce the aroused fear