Chapter 2-Methedology

Question 1

The Hindsight Bias

Answer 1

tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted the outcome after knowing
that it occurred

Question 2

Diffusion of Responsibility

Answer 2

when there’s a situation where someone needs help and bystanders are present, so you don’t do anything because you assume someone else will

Question 3

Operational Definition

Answer 3

specific definition of how variables are measured or manipulated

Question 4

Ethnography

Answer 4

method where researchers try to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside without disrupting preconceived notions they might have

Question 5

Archival Analysis

Answer 5

form of observational method where the researcher examines the accumulated documents of a culture
(diaries, novels, newspapers, etc.)

Question 6

Internal Validity

Answer 6

ensuring that nothing other than the independent variable can affect the dependent variable

Question 7

External Validity

Answer 7

extent to which the results of a study can apply to other situations and other ppl

Question 8

Psychological Realism

Answer 8

extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to psychological processes that occur in everyday life

Question 9

Cover Story

Answer 9

description of the purpose of a study given to participants that is dif from its true purpose

Question 10

Basic Dilemma of the Psychologist

Answer 10

the trade-off between internal and external validity in conducting research
-challenge is to devise a study that maximizes both

Question 11

Meta-Analysis

Answer 11

statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable

Question 12

Basic Research

Answer 12

studies designed to find the best answer to why ppl behave the way they do and that are conducted purely for reasons of intellectual curiosity

Question 13

Applied Research

Answer 13

studies designed specifically to solve a particular social problem; building a theory of behaviour is usually secondary to solving the specific problem

Question 14

Theory

Answer 14

An organized set of principles that can be used to explain observed phenomena

Question 15

Hypothesis

Answer 15

A testable statement or idea about the relationship between two or more variables

Question 16

Observational Method

Answer 16

The technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements of their behaviour

Question 17

Correlational Method

Answer 17

The technique whereby researchers systematically measure two or more variables and assess the relation between them (i.e., how much one can be predicted from the other)

Question 18

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 18

A statistic that assesses how well you can predict one variable based on another (e.g., how well you can predict people’s weight from their height)

Question 19

Probability Level

Answer 19

(p-Value) A number, calculated with statistical techniques, that tells researchers how likely it is that the results of their experiment occurred by chance and not because of the independent variable

Question 20

5 Steps if Scientific method

Answer 20

1. State a problem for study
2. Formulate a testable hypothesis
3. Design a study to test hypothesis and collect data
4. Analyze data
5. Report study results to scientific community

Question 21

Types of Research Designs

Answer 21

-observational method
-correlational method
-experimental method

Question 22

Survey

Answer 22

a convenient way to measure people’s attitudes or self-reported behaviour

Question 23

Experimental method

Answer 23

the best method to establish cause-and-effect relationships

Question 24

Experimental realism

Answer 24

participants forget they are in an experiment

Question 25

Mundane Realism

Answer 25

setting in the experiment resembles the real world