Chapter 5- The Self

Question 1

Self-Concept

Answer 1

the overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes

Question 2

Self-Schemas

Answer 2

an organized body of knowledge about the self (e.g., attitudes, preferences, traits) that influences what people notice, think and remember about themselves

Question 3

Self-Concept Clarity

Answer 3

the extent to which knowledge about the self is stable and clearly, consistently defined

Question 4

Independent View of the Self

Answer 4

defining oneself in terms of your own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions, and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people

Question 5

Interdependent View of the Self

Answer 5

defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people; recognizing that one’s behaviour is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others

Question 6

Relational interdependence

Answer 6

focus is more on their close relationships
-ex. how they feel about their romantic partner, a friend, or their child
-typically women

Question 7

Collective interdependence

Answer 7

meaning that they tend to define themselves in terms of social groups
-ex. such as the sports teams to which they belong
-typically men

Question 8

Introspection

Answer 8

the process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

Question 9

Self-Awareness Theory

Answer 9

the idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviour with their internal standards and values

Question 10

Causal Theories

Answer 10

about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviours; typically, we learn such theories from our culture

Question 11

Self-Perception Theory

Answer 11

the theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we conclude these states by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs

Question 12

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 12

the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures

Question 13

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 13

the desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting

Question 14

Overjustification Effect

Answer 14

the case whereby people view their behaviour as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which their behaviour was caused by intrinsic reasons

Question 15

Task-Contingent Rewards

Answer 15

rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done

Question 16

Performance-Contingent Rewards

Answer 16

rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

Question 17

Looking-Glass Self

Answer 17

the idea that we see ourselves through the eyes of other people and incorporate their views into our self-concept

Question 18

Social Comparison Theory

Answer 18

the idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves with other people

Question 19

Self-Control

Answer 19

the ability to postpone immediate desires to achieve long-term goals

Question 20

Implementation Intentions

Answer 20

people’s specific plans about where, when, and how they will fulfill a goal and avoid the temptation

Question 21

Downward Social Comparison

Answer 21

the process whereby we compare ourselves with people who are worse than we are in a particular trait or ability

Question 22

Upward Social Comparison

Answer 22

the process whereby we compare ourselves with people who are better than we are in a particular trait or ability

Question 23

Sociometer Theory

Answer 23

the theory that self-esteem is a gauge that monitors the extent to which we are accepted or rejected by others

Question 24

Self-Enhancement

Answer 24

an unrealistically positive view of oneself

Question 25

Self-Verification Theory

Answer 25

a theory suggesting that people have a need to seek confirmation of their self-concept, whether the self-concept is positive or negative; in some circumstances, this tendency can conflict with the desire to uphold a favourable view of oneself

Question 26

Fluctuating Image of the Self

Answer 26

-the image of our self we have, is the part of our self that is active
-we have an awareness of ourselves based on whatever is active at the moment
Ex. being in a room full of men, you realize that you are a woman

Question 27

The phenomenal self, or the working self-concept

Answer 27

image of self that is currently active in the person’s thoughts