Chapter 6 and p. Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is an ionic bond?
A transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal.
Why do ionic bonds transfer electrons?
To form a stable compound
What is a covalent bond?
The sharing of electrons between two or more nonmetals.
Why do covalent bonds share electrons?
To form a stable compound
What is a metallic bond?
A bond between metals forming a sea of electrons.
What is notable about metallic bonds?
The electrons are free
What must all covalent bonds satisfy?
the Octet Rule
What is the octet rule?
All elements/polyatomic ions are stable with eight valence electrons.
A ______ has a positive charge.
A cation has a positive charge.
A(n) _____ has a negative charge.
A anion has a negative charge.
Compounds made of two elements are what?
binary compounds
How are polyatomic ions bonded?
Covalently.
A polyatomic ion has an _______ charge.
A polyatomic ion has an overall charge.
List the order of the prefix/suffix from least to greatest oxygen.
per–ate
ate
ite
hypo–ite
Where are metals with multiple charges located on the periodic table?
Metals with multiple charges are located in the d, f, and p sections of the periodic table.
What is Zinc’s charge?
+2
What is Silver (Ag)’s charge?
+1
What are the prefixes for for 1-9 for covalent bonds?
1 - Mono 2 - Di 3 - Tri 4 - Tetra 5 - Penta 6 - Hexa 7 - Hepta 8 - Octa 9 - Nona 10 - Deca
Covalent bonds are between what?
Two nonmetals
What are diatomic molecules?
Diatomic molecules are molecules of 2 of the same type of atom.
What are elements that can be diatomic?
H, N, O, and column 7
What are the three types of covalent bonds and how many electrons do they share?
single (2 e-)
double (4 e-)
triple (6 e-)
As the covalent bonds increase (single to triple) what happens?
The bonds become stronger and shorter.
What does a lewis structure represent?
A lewis structure represents valence electrons in the bonds present of the covalent bond.
True or False: A covalent bond must satisfy the octet rule.
True
What is resonance?
Resonance means that there is more than one possible bond structure.
How can there be resonance?
There can be resonance if a double or triple bond can be moved to another place, without interfering with the structure.
What are the valence electrons (on a lewis structure) called that are not bonded to another element/polyatomic ion?
Lone pairs
How many electrons does hydrogen need to be stable?
2 e-
Name three properties of an acid?
sour
turns litmus red
reacts with some metals to produce hydrogen gas
If the acid is an anion ending in “ide,” how is it named?
hydro____ic acid
i.e. hydrofluoric acid (H2S)
If the acid is a polyatomic ion ending in
“ate,”
how is it named?
______ic acid
i.e. nitric acid (HNO3)
If the acid is a polyatomic ion ending in
“ite,”
how is it named?
_______ous acid
i.e. chlorous acid (HCLO2)
If the acid is a polyatomic ion like
“per–ate,”
how is it named?
per–ic acid
If the acid is a polyatomic ion like
“hypo–ite,”
how is it named?
hypo–ous acid
An acid can also be labeled what?
aqueous (aq.)
Why are acids aqueous?
The acid is aqueous since it can be dissolved in a solution of water.
When is an ion with an H not an acid?
when a state of matter is given (gas, solid, liquid)
What are hydrates?
Hydrates are compounds containing water.
What does anhydrous mean?
Anhydrous is a compound with out water.
What is the water removed from heating a hydrate called?
Water of hydration
Substances that pull water from the air are what?
Hygroscopic
Substances that release water from the air are what?
Efflorescent
A substance that absorbs enough water in the air to form a solution is what?
deliquescent
Do you use roman numerals in hydrates?
Yes.
When do you use roman numerals in naming?
Use roman numerals after the first element in an ionic compound if
- the element is not in group 1 or 2
- the element is not aluminum
What is the structure of a hydrate?
_ _ • _ H20
What is electronegativity?
Electronegativity is the ability to attract electrons.
Why does electronegativity (EN) increase?
Due to increasing nuclear charge
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
A bond that shares electrons evenly between atoms.
The electronegativity range for nonpolar covalent bonds is what?
What is the charge?
0 up to 0.3
No charge
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond that shares electrons, but the electrons shift toward the higher EN element.
The electronegativity range for polar covalent bonds is what?
0.3 to 1.7
The transfer of electrons to create a cation (+) and anion (-) is what?
Tonic
What is Van der Waals forces?
The forces of attraction between particles.
What are the four types of forces based on electronegativity?
London Dispersion Forces
Dipole-Dipole
H-bond
Ion-Ion
In the same order, what increases down the list?
melting point, strength, and brittleness
When electrons from one atom are attracted to the close positive force from another, it is called ______ __________ ______.
When electrons from one atom are attracted to the close positive force from another, it is called London Dispersion Forces (LDF) .
Are Dipole-Dipole forces only polar or nonpolar?
Dipole-Dipole are only polar.
What are Dipole-Dipole forces?
An end of one molecule is attracted to the positive end of the adjacent molecule.
An H-bond is when molecules contain Hydrogen bonds to _, _, or _.
An H-bond is when molecules contain Hydrogen bonds to N, O, or F.
H-bonds are stronger than dipole-dipole. This means that they are harder to what?
Melt or boil
An Ion-Ion force is what?
A cation/anion attraction
If the EN-EN=0, then what force is at work?
London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
A ______ ____ is made with hydrogen and one other element.
A binary acid is made with hydrogen and one other element.
An anion containing oxygen is what?
Oxyanion
An acid containing oxygen is what?
Oxyacid
Nomenclature is a what?
naming system
The oxidation state is the ______.
The oxidation state is the charge.
What is the smallest particle of an Ionic substance called?
formula unit
What is the smallest particle of a covalent substance called?
molecule
What type of force is related to Ionic substances?
Van der Waals and Ion-Ion
What type of force is related to nonpolar Covalent substances?
London Dispersion Forces
What type of force is related to polar Covalent substances?
dipole-dipoe
When do Ionic compounds conduct electricity?
at a solid or molten state
Do covalent compounds conduct electricity?
No, covalent compounds do not conduct electricity.
Which has a strong odor because it vaporizes quickly: covalent vs ionic?
Covalent
________ compounds have a low melting/boiling point.
Covalent compounds have a low melting/boiling point.
