Chapter 1 Notes Flashcards
-the study of matter and the changes it goes through
chemistry
-the study of matter excluding carbon compounds
inorganic chemistry
-carbon-based chemistry, excluding carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide (CO), and carbonates
organic chemistry
-focuses on energy/matter relationships
physical chemistry
-identification of components
analytical chemistry
-using math and computers to predict properties of new substances
theoretical chemistry
What type of research is for the sake of increasing knowledge (“just to know”)?
basic research
What type of research is for the sake of solving problems? (there is a reason to know)
Applied research
What type of research is for advancement and the application of knowledge for practical use?
Technological
*this commonly overlaps with applied research
-anything that has mass and takes up space
matter
-amount of material in a substance
mass
What instrument is used to measure mass?
A balance scale
-the amount of space a substance takes up
volume
What instrument is used to measure volume?
A graduated cylinder
A solid’s shape and volume are both ________.
definite
A gas’s shape and volume are both __________.
indefinite
A liquid’s shape is the _____ __ ___ _________, while it’s volume is ________.
A liquid’s shape is the shape of it’s container, while it’s volume is definite.
Energy _________ from each state: solid to liquid to gas.
increases
Van Der Waals Forces _________ from each state: solid to liquid to gas.
decreases
A solid’s molecular structure is what?
Packed tightly
A liquid’s molecular structure is what?
Loose but touching
A gas’s molecular structure is what?
In constant motion
-free available space
diffusion
-forces of attraction between particles
If weak, they change state easily
Van Der Waals Forces
- a property that is observed during a chemical change (a new substance forms)
ex. flammable, copper burning green
Chemical property
- a property observed without changing the identity of the substance
ex. color, shape, state, magnetic
Physical property
- property that doesn’t depend on the amount of substance present; used for identification
ex. color, boiling point, density
Intensive
- property that depends on the amount of material
ex. mass, volume, weight
Extensive
- change where no new substance forms
ex. crush, tear, shattered glass, a change in state
Physical change
melting
solid to liquid
freezing
liquid to solid
boiling
liquid to gas (throughout solution)
evaporation
liquid to gas (surface only)
condensation
gas to liquid
sublimation
solid to gas
deposition
gas to solid
-change that relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances
Often, a new substance forms
reactants to products
chemical change
-Law stating that Matter cannot be created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical reactions (excludes nuclear)
Law of Conservation of Mass
-recording values with all known numbers plus one estimated place
significant figures
- closeness to the true value
i. e. hitting close to the bullseye
accuracy
- reproducing the same results
i. e. hitting the top of the target consistently
precision
-ability to do work
Measured in joules
energy
-the release of energy (gets hotter)
exothermic
-the absorption of energy (gets colder)
endothermic
How many known elements are there?
118
How many natural elements are there?
90
-mixture with different properties throughout
heterogenous
-mixture with the same properties throughout
homogenous
-smallest particle of a compound to keep the properties of the compound
molecule
-2 or more elements that are chemically combined (bonded) which makes their own unique properties
compound
-simplest pure substance
element
-smallest part of an element to retain the properties of an element
atom
-substance with a fixed composition
pure substance
-two or more substances physically combined
mixture
Columns on the periodic table are also called what?
families/groups
Column I A
Alkali metals
Column II A
Alkaline Earth metals
Column III A
Boron family
Column IV A
Carbon family
Column V A
Nitrogen family
Column VI A
Oxygen family
Column VII A
Halogens
Column VIII A
Noble gases
The noble gases (VIII A) are ____, or they do not react.
inert
