Chapter 4 - Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Notes Flashcards
How did Mendeleev organize the periodic table?
in order of atomic mass
How did Mosley organize the periodic table?
in order of atomic number
As the shells for electron arrangement become larger, the energy level also _________.
increases
List the number of electrons each shell can hold.
2 8 18 32 18 2
Atomic number equals the number of _______.
protons
When electrically neutral, the number of protons equals the number of what?
electrons
What is the atomic mass?
protons + neutrons
The column numbers on the periodic table show tell the number of what?
valence electrons (electrons in the last shell)
The ___ numbers of the periodic table show the number of shells in the atom.
row
What is a region of space holding a mass of two electrons?
an orbital
List the order of orbitals from lowest energy to highest.
s, p, d, f
What shape is the s orbital?
sphere
How many boxes are there for the s orbital?
1 box
What is the max number of electrons that the s orbital can hold?
2 e-
How many boxes are there for the p orbital?
3 boxes
What is the max number of electrons that the p orbital can hold?
6 e-
How many boxes are there for the d orbital?
5 boxes
What is the max number of electrons that the d orbital can hold?
10 e-
How many boxes are there for the f orbital?
7 boxes
What is the max number of electrons that the f orbital can hold?
14 e-
The ______ _________ states that electrons fill regions of lowest energy first.
Aufbau Principle
“1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2…” is an example of what?
electron configuration
Electron configuration shows the _____ and the ______ of every electron placed.
Electron configuration shows the shell and the orbital of every electron placed.
Atom diagrams show what?
the electrons in the shell, and the protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Noble gas notation is also called what?
shorthand notation
Noble gas notation begins with what?
the previous noble gas of the element
What is the shape of the p orbital?
an infinity shape
What is the shape of the d orbital?
four-lobed structure
What is the shape of f orbital?
eight-lobed structure
From s orbital to f orbital, the energy ________.
increases
Orbital Box Notation uses the _______ ___________ to denote the diagram.
Orbital Box Notation uses the ending configuration to denote the diagram.
For orbital box notation, the number of boxes are based on what?
the orbital (s-1, p-3, d-5, f-7)
In orbital box notation, if one box is full, what is it called?
paired
In orbital box notation, if one box is half full, what is it called?
unpaired
_____ ____ states that each equal orbital receives one electron before any receive two.
Hund’s Rule states that each equal orbital receives one electron before any receive two.
The _____ _______ _________ states that electrons in the same orbital will have an opposite spin, and that no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Quantum Mechanics uses a set of four quantum numbers to describe the exact location of electrons based on what?
wave theory
The Shrodinger Equation is a mathematical description of electrons as waves. It is a basis for what?
quantum numbers
What is the first part of quantum numbers, and what does it stand for?
Principal (n) - number of shells in the atom [row number]
What is the second part of quantum numbers, and what does it stand for?
Angular momentum ( ) - identifying the orbital shape
What can angular momentum also be called?
the Azimuthal quantum number
What is each orbitals angular momentum number?
S - 0
P - 1
D - 2
F - 3
What is the third part of quantum numbers, and what does it stand for?
Magnetic number (m) - orientation of the orbital in space (think of how the box is situated on the the axis)
i.e. “m=-1 to 1”
m= - to
*you must label the boxes:
_ _ _
-1 0 1
What will always be in the middle of the labeled boxes for magnetic numbers?
zero 0
What is the fourth part of quantum numbers, and what does it stand for?
spin (M or M ) - rotation of electron [commonly the last]
i.e. “spin = +1/2, -1/2”
If the orbital box is full __, then the spin is what?
+1/2
If the orbital box is half-full, then the spin is what?
-1/2
According to the Wave Nature of Light, ___ forms of energy traveling through space is a wave.
According to the Wave Nature of Light, all forms of energy traveling through space is a wave.
**remember EMR
A _________ is the distance from crest to crest (in meters).
wavelength ( )
Frequency is the number of waves to what?
Pass a point per second
What is frequency measured in?
Hertz or 1/sec
Wavelength and frequency have an ______ relationship.
Wavelength and frequency have an inverse relationship.
As wavelength _________, frequency ________.
As wavelength increases, frequency decreases.
List the electromagnetic spectrum from lowest wavelength to highest wavelength.
Gamma X-rays UV Visible (VIBGYOR) Infrared Microwave Radio
What is the speed of light (c)?
3.00 x 10^8 m/s
c= ?
c = (λ)(f)
speed of light = (wavelength)(frequency)
What is the SI unit prefix conversion line?
(T)era - - (G)gia - - (M)ega - - (K)ilo (H)ecto (Da) deka BASE UNIT
(D)eci (C)enti (m)illi - - (μ) micro - - (N)ano - - (P)ico
Who founded the Particle Theory of Light?
Max Plank
What did Plank theorize?
Plank theorized that energy travels as particles.
Quanta/Quantum means what?
- particles of energy
- carry a defined amount of energy
What is the main support behind the Particle Theory of Light?
photoelectric effect
The Photoelectric effect refers to the ________ of electrons from a metal when light shines on the particle.
emission
Energy =
(h)(f)
plank’s constant)(frequency
The spectroscope separates light into different what?
wavelengths (and, therefore, colors)
1 Angstrom =
1 x10 ^-10 meters
The emission/absorption spectrum is a part of what?
Particle theory
The emission spectrum is also called the ______ ____ spectrum.
bright line
The emission spectrum goes from a ____-______ state to a ___-_____ state.
The emission spectrum goes from a high-energy state to a low-energy state.
excited to ground
A ______ is released as energy.
photon
The high-energy state is what?
excited state
The low-energy state is what?
ground state
The absorption spectrum is also called the what?
Dark line spectrum
The absorption spectrum goes from a ___-______ state to a ____-______ state.
The absorption spectrum goes from a low-energy state to a high-energy state.
ground to excited
Who combined the Wave Nature of Light and the Particle Theory of Light?
Einstein
Einstein said that light behaves as a ____ and a _______.
wave and a particle
What states that you can not determine the position and velocity of an electron at the same time?
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
