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EMT > Chapter 6: Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of body structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of body function

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3
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

the wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam’s apple

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4
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement

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5
Q

skeleton

A

the bones of the body

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6
Q

muscle

A

tissue that can contact to allow movement of a body part

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7
Q

ligaments

A

tissue that connects bone to bone

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8
Q

tendon

A

tissue that connects muscle to bone

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9
Q

Respiratory structure

A

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, brachial tubes, lungs

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10
Q

respiratory function

A

obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body

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11
Q

cardiovascular structure

A

Heart, Arteries, Veins

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12
Q

cardiovascular function

A

Pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes

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13
Q

nervous structure

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves

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14
Q

nervous function

A

Receives sensory information and coordinates the body’s response

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15
Q

digestive structure

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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16
Q

digestive function

A

Ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body.

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17
Q

integumentary structure

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat gland

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18
Q

integumentary function

A

Forms a protective barrier and aids in temperature regulation.

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19
Q

endocrine structure

A

the pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

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20
Q

endocrine function

A

regulates metabolic/hormonal activities of the body

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21
Q

renal structure

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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22
Q

renal function

A

Filters waste products out of the blood and removes them from the body.

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23
Q

male reproductive structure

A

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland

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24
Q

male reproductive function

A

produce sperm for reproduction

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25
Q

female reproductive structure

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, breasts

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26
Q

female reproduction function

A

Produces eggs for reproduction and provides place and nutrients for growing baby.

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27
Q

bones of the skull

A

cranium, mandible, maxillae, nasal bones, orbits, zygomatic arches

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28
Q

cranium

A

the top, back, and sides of the skull

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29
Q

mandible

A

the lower jaw-bone

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30
Q

maxillae

A

the two fused bones forming the upper jaw

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31
Q

nasal bones

A

the nose bones

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32
Q

orbits

A

the bony structure around the eye and the eye structure

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33
Q

zygomatic arches

A

the bone that forms the structure of the cheeks

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34
Q

vertebrae

A

the thirty-three bones of the spinal column; contain a hollow center for the spinal cord

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35
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

neck; 7

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36
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

thorax, rubs, upper back; 12

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37
Q

lumbar

A

lower back; 5

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38
Q

sacral

A

the back wall of pelvis; 5

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39
Q

coccyx

A

tailbone; 4

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40
Q

thorax

A

chest

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41
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

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42
Q

manubrium

A

the superior portion of the sternum

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43
Q

xiphoid process

A

the inferior portion of the sternum

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44
Q

pelvis

A

the basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities

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45
Q

ilium

A

the superior and widest portion of the pelvis.

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46
Q

ischium

A

the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis

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47
Q

pubis

A

the medial anterior portion of the pelvis

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48
Q

acetabulum

A

the pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint. (the socket of the hip joint)

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49
Q

femur

A

the large bone of the thigh

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50
Q

patella

A

the kneecap

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51
Q

tibia

A

the medial and larger bone of the lower leg

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52
Q

fibula

A

the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

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53
Q

malleolus

A

the protrusion on the side of the ankle

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54
Q

tarsal

A

the ankle bone

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55
Q

metatarsal

A

the foot bone

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56
Q

calcaneus

A

the heel bone

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57
Q

phalanges

A

the toe bones and finger bones

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58
Q

bones of the shoulder

A

clavicle, scapular, proximal humerus, acromion process, acromioclavicular joint

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59
Q

clavicle

A

the collarbone

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60
Q

scapula

A

the shoulder blade

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61
Q

acromion process

A

the highest portion of the shoulder

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62
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet

63
Q

humerus

A

the bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow

64
Q

radius

A

the lateral bone of the forearm

65
Q

ulna

A

the medial bone of the forearm

66
Q

carpals

A

the wrist bone

67
Q

metacarpals

A

the hand bone

68
Q

voluntary muscles

A

the muscle that can be consciously controlled

69
Q

involuntary muscles

A

the muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled (gastrointestinal system, lungs, blood vessels, urinary system)

70
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart. can only tolerate very short periods; automaticity

71
Q

automaticity

A

the ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own.

72
Q

Respiratory system

A

the system of nose, mouth, throat, lungs, and muscles that brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide. Also called the pulmonary system

73
Q

oropharynx

A

the area directly posterior to the mouth

74
Q

nasopharynx

A

the area directly posterior to the nose

75
Q

epiglottis

A

a leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea.

76
Q

larynx

A

the voice box

77
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx

78
Q

trachea

A

“windpipe” the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs

79
Q

lungs

A

the organs where the exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide take place

80
Q

bronchi

A

the two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs. There are right and left bronchi

81
Q

alveoli

A

the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place.

82
Q

diaphragm

A

the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. A major muscle of respiration.

83
Q

Pharynx

A

the area directly posterior to the mouth and nose. It is made up of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx.

84
Q

inhalation

A

an active process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs. (negative pressure)

85
Q

exhalation

A

a passive process in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to flow out of the lungs (positive pressure)

86
Q

ventilation

A

the process of moving gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood

87
Q

respiration

A

the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and the cells

88
Q

cardiovascular system

A

the system made up of the heart (cardio) and the blood vessels (vascular)

89
Q

artery

A

the two upper chambers of the heart. There is a right atrium (which receives unoxygenated blood returning from the body) and a left atrium (which receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs)

90
Q

coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium).

91
Q

pulmonary artery

A

the vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.

92
Q

aorta

A

the largest artery in the body. It transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation.

93
Q

carotid artery

A

the large neck arteries, one on each side of the neck, that carry blood from the heart to the head.

94
Q

femoral artery

A

the major artery supplying the leg.

95
Q

brachial artery

A

artery of the upper arm; the site of the pulse checked during infant CPR.

96
Q

radial artery

A

artery of the lower arm; the artery felt when taking the pulse at the thumb side of the wrist.

97
Q

posterior tibial artery

A

artery supplying the foot, behind the medial ankle.

98
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

artery supplying the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe.

99
Q

arteriole

A

the smallest kind of artery

100
Q

capillaries

A

a thin-walled, microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body’s cells takes place.

101
Q

venule

A

the smallest kind of vein.

102
Q

vein

A

any blood vessel returning blood to the heart.

103
Q

pulmonary veins

A

the vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

104
Q

plasma

A

the fluid portion of the blood.

105
Q

red blood cells

A

components of the blood. They carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the cells.

106
Q

white blood cells

A

components of the blood. They produce substances that help the body fight infection.

107
Q

5 types of white blood cells

A 
® Eosinophil
					® Basophil
					® Monocyte
					® Lymphocyte
Neutrophil
108
Q

platelets

A

components of the blood; membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells

109
Q

pulse

A

the rhythmic beats caused as waves of blood move through and expand the arteries

110
Q

peripheral pulses

A

the radial, brachial, posterior tibial, and dorsalis pedis pulses, which can be felt at peripheral (outlying) points of the body

111
Q

central pulse

A

the carotid and femoral pulses, which can be felt in the central part of the body

112
Q

blood pressure

A

the pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of blood vessels. Usually arterial blood pressure (the pressure in an artery) is measured.

113
Q

systolic blood pressure

A

the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation.

114
Q

diastolic blood pressure

A

the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling.

115
Q

perfusion

A

the supply of oxygen and nutrients to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.

116
Q

hypoperfusion

A

the inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life-threatening condition. Also called shock.

117
Q

artia

A

two upper chambers of the heart

118
Q

ventricles

A

the two lower chambers of the heart

119
Q

venae cavae

A

superior & inferior; These two major veins return blood from the body to the right atrium.

120
Q

valve

A

a structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a fluid in only one direction.

121
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

a system of specialized muscle tissues that conduct electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat.

122
Q

lymphatic system

A

the system composed of organs, tissues, and vessels that help to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contribute to the body’s immune system

123
Q

Nervous system

A

the system of brain, spinal cord, and nerves that govern sensation, movement, and thought

124
Q

central nervous system

A

the brain and spinal cord

125
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord

126
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions.

127
Q

digestive system

A

system by which food travels through the body and is digested, or broken down into absorbable forms

128
Q

stomach

A

muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins

129
Q

small intestine

A

the muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine, divided into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, which receives partially digested food from the stomach and continues digestion. Nutrients are absorbed by the body through its walls.

130
Q

large intestine

A

the muscular tube that removes water from waste products received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body.

131
Q

liver

A

the largest organ of the body, which produces bile to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the metabolism of various substances in the body

132
Q

gallbladder

A

a sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver

133
Q

pancreas

A

a gland located behind the stomach that produces insulin and juices that assist in digestion of food in the duodenum of the small intestine.

134
Q

spleen

A

an organ located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that acts as a blood filtration system and a reservoir for reserves of blood

135
Q

appendix

A

a small tube located near the junction of the small and large intestines in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, the function of which is not well understood. Its inflammation, called appendicitis, is a common cause of abdominal pain.

136
Q

integumentary system

A

skin

137
Q

skin

A

the layer of tissue between the body and the external environment.

138
Q

Function of skin

A

protection, water balance, temperature regulation, excretion, shock absorption

139
Q

3 layers of skin

A

epidermis, deris, subcutaneous

140
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of skin.Contains no blood vessels or nerves

141
Q

dermis

A

the inner (second) layer of skin, rich in blood vessels and nerves, found beneath the epidermis

142
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

the layers of fat and soft tissues found below the dermis

143
Q

renal system

A

the body system that regulates fluid balance and the filtration of blood. Also called the urinary system

144
Q

kidney

A

organs of the renal system used to filter blood and regulate fluid levels in the body

145
Q

bladder

A

the round saclike organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine

146
Q

ureters

A

the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder

147
Q

urethra

A

tube connecting the bladder to the vagina or penis for excretion of urine

148
Q

reproductive system

A

the body system that is responsible for human reproduction

149
Q

testes

A

the male organ of reproduction used for the production of sperm

150
Q

penis

A

the organ of the male reproduction responsible for sexual intercourse and the transfer of sperm

151
Q

ovaries

A

egg-producing organs within the female reproductive system.

152
Q

uterus

A

female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus

153
Q

vagina

A

the female organ of reproduction used for both sexual intercourse and as an exit from the uterus for the fetus

154
Q

The difference in respiratory anatomy of children

A

○ Smaller nose and mouth
○ More space is taken up by the tongue
○ Cricoid cartilage is less rigid and less developed
○ Airway structures are more easily obstructed

EMT (21 decks)

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