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Emergency Care 13th Edition > Chapter 6: Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

the wing-shaped plate of cartilage that sits anterior to the larynx and forms the Adam’s apple

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2
Q

Musculoskeletal system

A
  • the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
  • bones, joints, muscles
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3
Q

muscle

A

tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part

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4
Q

ligament

A

tissue that connects bone to bone

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5
Q

tendon

A

tissue that connects muscle to bone

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6
Q

respiratory system

A
  • obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body

- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs

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7
Q

cardiovascular system

A
  • pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
  • heart, arteries, veins
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8
Q

Blood system

A
  • transports oxygen, protects against pathogens, and promotes clotting to control bleeding
  • plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
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9
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • helps to maintain the fluid balance of the body and contributes to the body’s immune system
  • tonsils/adenoids, thymus gland, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels
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10
Q

nervous system

A
  • receives sensory information and coordinates the body’s response
  • brain, spinal cord, nerves
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11
Q

digestive system

A
  • ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body

- oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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12
Q

integumentary system

A
  • forms protective barrier and aids in temperature regulation
  • skin, hair, nails, sweat glands
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13
Q

endocrine system

A
  • regulates metabolic/hormonal activities of the body
  • pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries
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14
Q

renal/urinary system

A
  • filters waste products out of the blood and removes them from the body
  • kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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15
Q

male reproductive system

A
  • produces sperm for reproduction

- testes, epididymis, vas deferens, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland

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16
Q

female reproductive system

A
  • produces eggs for reproduction and provides place and nutrients for growing baby
  • ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva, breasts
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17
Q

3 main functions of the musculoskeletal system

A
  1. to give the body shape
  2. to protect vital internal organs
  3. to provide for body movement
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18
Q

Skull

A

the bony structure of the head

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19
Q

cranium

A

the top, back and sides of the skull

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20
Q

mandible

A

the lower jaw-bone

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21
Q

maxillae

A

the two fused bones forming the upper jaw

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22
Q

nasal bones

A

the nose bones

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23
Q

orbits

A

the bony structure around the eyes; the eye sockets

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24
Q

zygomatic arches

A

bones that form the structure of the cheeks

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25
Q

vertebrae

A

the thirty-three bones of the spinal column

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26
Q

thorax

A

the chest

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27
Q

sternum

A

the breastbone

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28
Q

manubrium

A

the superior portion of the sternum

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29
Q

xiphoid process

A

the inferior portion of the sternum (breastbone)

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30
Q

pelvis

A

the basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities

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31
Q

ilium

A

the superior and widest portion of the pelvis

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32
Q

ischium

A

the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis

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33
Q

pubis

A

the medial anterior portion of the pelvis

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34
Q

acetabulum

A

the pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint

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35
Q

femur

A

the large bone of the thigh

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36
Q

patella

A

the kneecap

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37
Q

tibia

A

the medial and larger bone of the lower leg

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38
Q

fibula

A

the lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

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39
Q

malleolus

A

protrusion on the side of the ankle

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40
Q

tarsals

A

the ankle bones

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41
Q

metatarsals

A

the foot bones

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42
Q

phalanges

A

the toe bones and finger bones

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43
Q

clavicle

A

the collar bone

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44
Q

scapula

A

the shoulder blade

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45
Q

acromion process

A

the higher portion of the shoulder

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46
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A

the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet

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47
Q

humerus

A

the bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow

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48
Q

radius

A

the lateral bone of the forearm

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49
Q

ulna

A

the medial bone of the forearm

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50
Q

carpals

A

the wrist bones

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51
Q

metacarpals

A

the hand bones

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52
Q

joint

A

the point where two bones come together

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53
Q

voluntary muscle/skeletal muscle

A

muscle that can be consciously controlled

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54
Q

involuntary muscle/smooth muscle

A

muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled

55
Q

cardiac muscle

A

specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart

56
Q

automaticity

A

the ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own

57
Q

oropharynx

A

the area directly posterior to the mouth

58
Q

nasopharynx

A

the area directly posterior to the nose

59
Q

pharynx

A

the area directly posterior to the mouth and nose

60
Q

epiglottis

A

a leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea

61
Q

larynx

A

the voice box

62
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx

63
Q

trachea

A

the “windpipe”; the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs

64
Q

bronchi

A

the two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lints

65
Q

alveoli

A

the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the blood stream takes place

66
Q

diaphragm

A

the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity

67
Q

inhalation

A

active process

68
Q

exhalation

A

passive process

69
Q

ventilation

A

the process of moving gases between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood

70
Q

respiration

A

the process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between circulating blood and the cells

71
Q

atria

A

the two upper chambers of the hear

72
Q

right atrium

A

receives unoxygenated blood returning from the body

73
Q

left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs

74
Q

ventricles

A

the two lower chambers of the heart

75
Q

right ventricle

A

sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

76
Q

left ventricle

A

sends oxygenated rich blood to the body

77
Q

venae cavae

A

the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava

return blood from the body to the right atrium

78
Q

valve

A

a structure that opens and closes to permit the flow of a fluid in only one direction

79
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat

80
Q

artery

A

any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart

81
Q

coronary arteries

A

blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart (myocardium)

82
Q

aorta

A

the largest artery in the body; it transports blood from the left ventricle to begin systemic circulation

83
Q

pulmonary arteries

A

the vessels that cary deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs

84
Q

carotid arteries

A

the large neck arteries
one on each side
carry blood from the heart to the head

85
Q

femoral artery

A

the major artery supplying the leg

86
Q

brachial artery

A

artery of the upper arm; the site of the pulse checked during infant CPR

87
Q

radial artery

A

artery of the lower arm; the artery felt when taking the pulse at the thumb side of the wrist

88
Q

posterior pedis artery

A

artery suppling the foot, behind the medial ankle

89
Q

dorsalis pedis artery

A

artery suppling the foot, lateral to the large tendon of the big toe

90
Q

arteriole

A

the smallest kind of artery

91
Q

capillary

A

a thin-walled microscopic blood vessel where the oxygen/carbon dioxide and nutrient/waste exchange with the body’s cells takes place

92
Q

venule

A

the smaller kind of vein

93
Q

vein

A

any blood vessel returning blood to the heart

94
Q

pulmonary veins

A

the vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

95
Q

plasma

A

the fluid portion of the blood

96
Q

red blood cells (RBCs)

A

components of the blood; they carry oxygen to and CO2 away from the cells

97
Q

white blood cells (WBCs)

A

components of the blood; they produce substances that help the body fight infection

98
Q

platelets

A

membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells

99
Q

systolic bp

A

the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation

100
Q

diastolic bp

A

the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling

101
Q

perfusion

A

the supply of O2 and nutrients to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body, as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries

102
Q

hypoperfusion

A

inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with O2 and nutrients; a life-threatening condition called shock

103
Q

central nervous system

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • brain receives info from the body and then sends impulses to different areas of the body to respond to internal and external changes
  • key function is consciousness
104
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

-the nerves (sensory and motor) that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord

105
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary motor functions (i.e. digestion and heart rate)
  • can be further broken down into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
106
Q

sensory nerves

A
  • PNS
  • pick up info from throughout the body and transmit this to the spinal cord and brain
  • ex. if you touch something hot, your sensory nerves transmit this to the spinal cord and brain so immediate action may be taken
107
Q

motor nerves

A
  • PNS

- carry messages from the brain to the body

108
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • function often referred to as the “fight or flight”
  • engaged when the body is in crisis
  • stimulation of sympathetic tone causes the heart to beat faster, the lungs to breathe deeper, and the blood vessels to constrict
109
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • engaged in times of relaxation and is often referred to as the feed-or-breed response
  • parasympathetic tone causes increased blood flow to the digestive tract and to the reproductive system
  • can also cause the heart to slow down and the blood vessels to dilate
110
Q

stomach

A
  • a hollow organ that expands as it fills with food

- acidic gastric juices begin to break food down into components that the body will be able to convert into energy

111
Q

small intestine

A
  • 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • receives food from the stomach and continues to break it down for absorption
  • these nutrients are absorbed by the body through the wall of the small intestine
112
Q

large intestine (colon)

A
  • removes water from waste products as they move toward elimination from the body
  • anything not absorbed moves forward and is excreted as feces
113
Q

Liver

A
  • produces bile which is excreted into the small intestine to assist in the breakdown of fats
  • detoxifies harmful substances
  • stores sugar
  • assists in production of blood products
114
Q

gallbladder

A

serves as a storage system for bile from the liver

115
Q

pancreas

A
  • produces insulin, which is involved in the regulation of sugar in the blood stream
  • secretes juices that assist in breaking down proteins, carbs, and fat
116
Q

spleen

A
  • acts as a blood filtration system filtering out old blood cells
  • has many blood vessels and at any given time holds significant quantities of blood reserves the body can use in case of significant blood loss
117
Q

appendix

A
  • made up of lymphatic tissue
  • exact function not well understood, but it is often considered with the digestive system because an infected appendix is a common cause of abdominal pain
118
Q

What purpose does the integumentary system serve?

A
  • protection
  • water balance
  • temperature regulation
  • excretion (sweat)
  • shock (impact) absorption
119
Q

How many layers does the skin have and what are they?

A

3

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

120
Q

insulin

A

a hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics

121
Q

epinephrine

A
  • secreted by the adrenal glands
  • serves as a neurotransmitter that engages the sympathetic nervous system through a series of chemical receptors located in specific organ systems
  • as a medication, it dilates respiratory passages and is used to relieve severe allergic reactions
122
Q

kidneys

A
  • principal organs of the renal system
  • help filter waste product urea from blood
  • provide fluid balance by regulating the uptake of sodium and the excretion of urine
  • assist the buffer system with the production of bicarbonate for the blood
123
Q

bladder

A

the round saclike organ of the renal system used as a reservoir for urine

124
Q

bicarbonate

A

an essential substance used to help regulate acidity or pH in the body

125
Q

ureters

A

the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder

126
Q

urethra

A

tube connecting the bladder to the vagina or penis for excretion of urine

127
Q

testes

A
  • produce sperm

- housed outside the body in the scrotum

128
Q

epididymis

A

a small tube that connects the testes and the penis

129
Q

penis

A

external reproductive organ used for sexual intercourse and urination

130
Q

ovaries

A
  • located bilaterally in the lower quadrants of a female’s abdomen
  • serve to produce ova (eggs)for reproduction
131
Q

fallopian tubes/oviducts

A
  • connects the ovaries to the uterus

- site where sperm fertilizes the descending ovum

132
Q

uterus

A
  • muscular organ located along the midline in the lower quadrants of the female abdomen
  • designed to contain the developing fetus through 40 weeks of pregnancy
  • small organ that has a huge potential to grow as pregnancy develops
  • highly vascular and at times of pregnancy can be prone to serious bleeding
133
Q

vagina

A

-not only serves as the exit route for the fetus but also as the female reproductive organ and site of sexual intercourse

Emergency Care 13th Edition (27 decks)

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