Chapter 10: Respiration and Ventilation

Question 1

Ventilation

Answer 1

breathing in and out (inhalation and exhalation), or artificial provision of breaths

Question 2

How is air moved in and out of the body?

Answer 2

• the diaphragm and the muscles of the chest are contracted and relaxed to change the pressure within the chest cavity
• the changing pressure inflates and deflates the lungs

Question 3

Inhalation/Negative Pressure

Answer 3

• the muscles of the chest (including intercostal muscles between the ribs) expand at the same time the diaphragm contracts in a downward motion
• these movements increase the size of the chest cavity and create a negative pressure

Question 4

What does negative pressure do?

Answer 4

pulls air in through the glottic opening and inflates the lungs

Question 5

Inhalation

Answer 5

an active process

Question 6

Exhalation

Answer 6

a passive process

Question 7

Exhalation/Positive Pressure

Answer 7

• when the muscles and intercostal muscles relax
• as the size of the chest decreases, it creates a positive pressure and pushes air out
• exhalation typically takes longer than inhalation

Question 8

Tidal volume

Answer 8

• the amount of air moved in one breath (one cycle of inhalation and exhalation)
• normal tidal volume is 5-7 mL per kg of body weight

Question 9

Minute volume

Answer 9

the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute

MV = TV X RR

Question 10

Dead air space

Answer 10

air that occupies the trachea, bronchioles, and other parts of the airway

Question 11

Where are O2 and CO2 exchanged with the bloodstream?

Answer 11

in the alveoli

Question 12

Alveolar Ventilation

Answer 12

the amount of air that reaches the alveoli

Question 13

Diffusion

Answer 13

a process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 14

Pulmonary respiration

Answer 14

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries

Question 15

Cellular respiration

Answer 15

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between cells and circulating blood

Question 16

Mechanics of breathing disrupted

Answer 16

• a pt stabbed in the chest
• a pt loses nervous control of respiration
• a pt sustains painful chest wall injuries
• a pt has airway problems such as bronchoconstriction

Question 17

Gas exchange interrupted

Answer 17

• low O2 levels in the outside air such as in confined space rescue situations
• diffusion problems

Question 18

Circulation issues

Answer 18

• not enough blood

- hemoglobin problems

Question 19

Respiration

Answer 19

• the diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood (pulmonary respiration) and between the blood and the cells (cellular respiration)
• also, simply just breathing in all its aspects

Question 20

Hypoxia

Answer 20

an insufficiency of O2 in the body’s tissues

Question 21

Hypercapnia

Answer 21

high levels of CO2 in the body

Question 22

Respiratory distress

Answer 22

increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath

Question 23

Respiratory failure

Answer 23

the reduction of breathing to the point where O2 intake is not sufficient to support life

Question 24

Respiratory arrest

Answer 24

when breathing completely stops