Chapter 10: Respiration and Ventilation Flashcards
Ventilation
breathing in and out (inhalation and exhalation), or artificial provision of breaths
How is air moved in and out of the body?
- the diaphragm and the muscles of the chest are contracted and relaxed to change the pressure within the chest cavity
- the changing pressure inflates and deflates the lungs
Inhalation/Negative Pressure
- the muscles of the chest (including intercostal muscles between the ribs) expand at the same time the diaphragm contracts in a downward motion
- these movements increase the size of the chest cavity and create a negative pressure
What does negative pressure do?
pulls air in through the glottic opening and inflates the lungs
Inhalation
an active process
Exhalation
a passive process
Exhalation/Positive Pressure
- when the muscles and intercostal muscles relax
- as the size of the chest decreases, it creates a positive pressure and pushes air out
- exhalation typically takes longer than inhalation
Tidal volume
- the amount of air moved in one breath (one cycle of inhalation and exhalation)
- normal tidal volume is 5-7 mL per kg of body weight
Minute volume
the amount of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute
MV = TV X RR
Dead air space
air that occupies the trachea, bronchioles, and other parts of the airway
Where are O2 and CO2 exchanged with the bloodstream?
in the alveoli
Alveolar Ventilation
the amount of air that reaches the alveoli
Diffusion
a process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Pulmonary respiration
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries
Cellular respiration
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between cells and circulating blood
Mechanics of breathing disrupted
- a pt stabbed in the chest
- a pt loses nervous control of respiration
- a pt sustains painful chest wall injuries
- a pt has airway problems such as bronchoconstriction
Gas exchange interrupted
- low O2 levels in the outside air such as in confined space rescue situations
- diffusion problems
Circulation issues
- not enough blood
- hemoglobin problems
Respiration
- the diffusion of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood (pulmonary respiration) and between the blood and the cells (cellular respiration)
- also, simply just breathing in all its aspects
Hypoxia
an insufficiency of O2 in the body’s tissues
Hypercapnia
high levels of CO2 in the body
Respiratory distress
increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath
Respiratory failure
the reduction of breathing to the point where O2 intake is not sufficient to support life
Respiratory arrest
when breathing completely stops
