Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro Psychology > chapter 6 > Flashcards

chapter 6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

learning

A

a process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

key to learning

A

experience (nurture), although preparedness for learning specific behaviours varies (nature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ivan pavlov (1849-1936)

A

a russian physiologist
nobel prize in 1904: studied digestion, using dogs
- noticed dogs salivated sometimes when food not being consumed and wondered why

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pavlovs research

A

collected saliva and other gastric secretions from the dogs when they were presented with food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pavlovian conditioning

A

a form of associative learning in which an organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (e.g. sound) with a relevant stimulus (e.g. food) which results in a change in the response to the previously neutral stimulus (e.g. salivation)
- one event causes another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning that occurs when two stimuli are paired together and become associated with each other
explains how we learn involuntary actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

stimulus

A

an external event or cue that causes a noticeable response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

any stimulus that naturally draws out a behaviour

without learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

a reflexive unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

the behaviour drawn out by the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in pavlovs experiment

A
  • the metronome was originally a neutral stimulus because it did not draw out a response
  • over time it began to influence the dogs responses because of its association with food
  • it became a conditioned stimulus because it caused the conditioned response of salvation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a defining characteristic of classical conditioning is

A

that a neutral stimulus comes to draw out a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a neutral stimulus that is able to draw out behaviour only after associated with a US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

conditioned response

A

the learned response that occurs to the conditioned stimulus
(the behaviour drawn out by the CS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in pavlovs experiment conditioned response and an unconditioned response are

A

both salivation
(a CS can have this effect only if it becomes associated with a US)
(UR is naturally occurring response whereas a CR must be learned)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

two stimuli (S1 -> S2)

A

classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

response and outcome (R -> O)

A

operant (or instrumental) conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

acquisition (stages of learning)

A

is the initial phase of learning in which a response is established
(neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the US)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

extinction (stages of learning)

A
  • the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together
  • the process through which the strength of the conditioned response is decreased until it is eliminated. easiest way to do this is to present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus repeatedly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

spontaneous recovery (stages of learning)

A
  • extinguished CR reappears after rest period

- it refers to when the conditioned response recovers some of the strength it lost during previous extinction sessions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

generalization

A

tendency for stimuli similar to CS to cause similar responses
(responses to other stimuli that are similar to conditioned stimulus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

discrimination

A

responses only to a specific conditioned stimuli. requires the stimuli to be clearly distinguishable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hebb’s rule

A

when a weak connection between neurone is stimulated at the same time as a strong connection, the weak connection. becomes strengthened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

john Watson recognized

A

in 1920s that our emotional responses could be influenced by classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

conditioned emotional responses

A

emotional and psychological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

john watson experiment

A 
little Albert conditioned to fear white rats. when the rat was presented they startled him by striking a steel bar with a hammer. Albert associated the rat with the sound and showed a conditioned emotional response to the rat. 
(US: loud noise
UR: fear
CS: white rat
CR:fear)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

phobia

A

refers to an irrational fear of an object, situation, or activity that is out of proportion to the actual danger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

when an organism learns a fear-related association activity occurs

A

in the amygdala, a brain area related to fear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

preparedness

A

the biological tendency to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

acquired dislike or disgust for a food or drink because it was paired with illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

latent inhibition

A

occurs when frequent experience with a stimulus before it is paired with a US makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single episode of illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

conditioned drug tolerance

A

over time, more of the drug will be needed to override these responses so that the desired effect can be obtained

32
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforced or diminished if followed by a punisher

33
Q

contingency

A

a consequence depends upon an action

consequences of a particular behaviour can be either reinforcing or punishing

34
Q

law of effect

A

thorndikes principle that behaviours followed by favourable consequences become more likely and behaviours followed by unfavourable consequences less likely

35
Q

reinforcement

A

a process in which an event or reward that follows a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

36
Q

B.F. skinner

A

conducted experiment between reinforcement and behaviour. rats were placed in skinner boxes with a lever that can be manipulated. pushing the lever when light is on would deliver a reinforcer of food. when light was off the lever would deliver a shock

37
Q

reinforcer

A

a stimulus that is contingent upon response and that increases the probability of that response occurring again
(event that strengthens behaviour is follows)

38
Q

punishment

A

process that decreases the future probability of a response

39
Q

punisher

A

a stimulus that is contingent upon a response, and that results in a decrease in behaviour

40
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

signals that the schedule of reinforcement is in effect

41
Q

increases the chances of a behaviour occurring again

A

reinforcement

42
Q

decreases the chances of a behaviour occurring again

A

punishment

43
Q

positive

A

means that a stimulus is added to a situation; positive can refer to reinforcement or punishment

44
Q

negative

A

means that a stimulus is removed from a situation; negative can refer to reinforcement or punishment

45
Q

positive reinforcement

A

the strengthening of behaviour after potential reinforcers such as praise, money, or nourishment follow that behaviour

46
Q

positive reinforcement example

A

a child gets allowance for making her bed so she is likely to do it again in the future
(addition of allowance)

47
Q

negative reinforcement example

A

the rain no longer falls on you after opening tour umbrella, so you are likely to do it again in the future
(removing the unpleasant rain)

48
Q

positive punishment example

A

a pet owner scolds his dog for jumping up on a house guest and now the dog is less likely to do it again
(adding unpleasant scolding)

49
Q

negative reinforcement example

A

a parent takes away tv privileges to stop children from fighting
(taking away something pleasant like tv)

50
Q

negative reinforcement

A

involves the strengthening of a behaviour because it removes or diminishes a stimulus

51
Q

avoidance learning

A

a specific type of negative rein that removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur

52
Q

avoidance learning examples

A

leaving a sporting event early to avoid crowds and traffic congestion
paying bills on time to avoid late fees

53
Q

escape learning

A

a specific type of negative reinforcement that occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present

54
Q

escape learning example

A

covering your ears upon hearing overwhelmingly loud music

55
Q

positive punishment

A

a process in which a behaviour decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular, usually unpleasant stimulus

56
Q

negative reinforcement

A

occurs when a behaviour decreases because it removes or diminishes a particular stimulus

57
Q

discrimination operant conditioning

A

occurs when an organism learns to respond to one original stimulus but not to new stimuli that may be similar to the original stimulus

58
Q

generalization operant conditioning

A

takes place when an operant response occurs in response to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during original learning

59
Q

extinction operant conditioning

A

the weakening of an operant response when reinforcement is no longer available

60
Q

delayed reinforcement

A

weakens the association between the response and the outcome, both for reinforcement and punishment

61
Q

devaluation

A

ability of a CS to draw out a CR or a discriminative stimulus to draw out behaviour may be diminished in the absence of a direct pairing between the CS or discriminative stimulus and a consequence

62
Q

shaping

A

conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour toward closer approximations of fisted goal
(reward behaviours that increasingly resemble target behaviour)

63
Q

chaining

A

involves linking together two or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action or sequence of actions

64
Q

applied behaviour analysis (ABA)

A

involves using close observation prompting and reinforcement to teach behaviours, often to people who experience difficulties and challenges owing to a developmental condition such as autism

65
Q

primary reinforcers

A

consists of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs
needs that affect an individuals ability to survive

66
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

consist of stimuli that acquire their reinforcing effects only after we learn that they have value

67
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

a cue or event that indicates that a response, if made, will be reinforced

68
Q

schedules of reinforcement

A

rules that determine when reinforcement is available

69
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

every response made results in reinforcement

  • learning occurs rapidly
  • extinction occurs rapidly
70
Q

partial reinforcement

A

only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

  • results in slower acquisition
  • greater resistance to extinction
71
Q

ratio schedule

A

means that the reinforcement are based on the amount of responding

72
Q

interval schedule

A

means that the reinforcements are based on the amount of time between reinforcements, not the number of responses a human makes

73
Q

fixed schedule

A

means that the schedule of reinforcement remains the same over time

74
Q

variable schedule

A

means that the schedule of reinforcement, although linked to an average, varies from reinforcement to reinforcement

75
Q

fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

A

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been completed
- faster responding gets more rewards which can lead to very high rates of responding
($1 for every five items produced)

76
Q

variable-ratio (VR) schedule

A

reinforce response after unpredictable number of responses
- very difficult to extinguish because of unpredictability
(gambling)

Intro Psychology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions