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Intro Psychology > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

personality

A

a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situation

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2
Q

personality psychology

A

the scientific study of (a) individual differences, and (b) how the various parts of a person come together as a whole

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3
Q

idiographic approach

A

creating detailed descriptions of a specific persons unique personality characteristics

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4
Q

idiographic approaches are helpful for

A

understanding yourself and social world
examining the full range of human experience
psychological portraits of public figures
criminal profiling

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5
Q

nomothetic approach

A

examines personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure

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6
Q

nomothetic approach wants to understand

A

what personality factors or traits are relevant to understanding people
whether a certain “type” of person is more likely to exhibit a certain behaviour pattern

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7
Q

the key to nomothetic research is to

A

identify the important personality traits that are related to whatever it is that you are interested in understanding

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8
Q

data sources: LOTS of data

A

Life outcome data
Observer reports
Test data
Self reports

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9
Q

traits summarize

A

a great deal of information about a person and help to predict how that person will behave across a range of situations

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10
Q

gordon allport

A

made the first systematic attempt to identify all possible traits was made in the 1930s. tallied nearly 18 000 english words that could be used to describe an individuals physical and psychological attributes

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11
Q

allports theory

A

developed a theory of personality structure by organizing these words into traits, launching a strong trend in personality psychology that continues to this day. attempting to identify and measure the key personality traits

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12
Q

self report data

A

the information a person reveals about her/himself in questionnaire or interviews

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13
Q

the barnum effect

A

when people are convinced that a personality profile describes them well. this can occur when the profile is patently false and was not generated to describe them at all

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14
Q

the barnum effect goes back to

A

the late 1940s when bertram forer gave research participants a personality test and then generated a personality description that subjects believed was based on their test responses. even though all participants were given exactly the same personality description

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15
Q

factor analysis

A

1) a statistical technique that examines correlation between variables to find clusters of related variables or factors. 2) in personality analysis, grouping items that people respond similarly

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16
Q

factor analysis is used to

A

group items that people respond to similarly

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17
Q

strengths and weaknesses of self reports

A

strength: individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves
weakness: respondents must be honest - impression management - self deception

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18
Q

five factor model

A

a trait based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimensions created by McCrae and Costa

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19
Q

personality traits help

A

summarize information and help predict behaviour

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20
Q

raymond cartell (1946)

A

used factor analysis to isolate 16 key personality traits

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21
Q

the five factor model dimensions (OCEAN)

A 
openness 
conscientiousness 
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
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22
Q

openness (high Os)

A 
dreamers 
creative types 
open to new ideas, opinions, and perspectives 
curious 
abstract thinking 
aware of emotions
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23
Q

openness (low Os)

A 
security in the known 
practice 
straightforward 
resistant to change 
suspicious of emotions
rational 
logical
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24
Q

conscientiousness (high Os)

A 
organizers 
efficient 
self disciplined 
dependable 
comfortable with schedules and lists 
more likely to engage in healthy behaviours
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25
Q

conscientiousness (low Cs)

A 
easy going 
disorganized 
careless with details 
difficulty meeting deadlines 
not as stressed, enjoy themselves more
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26
Q

extraversion (high Es)

A 
socializers
sensation seekers 
comfortable in stimulating environments
love others company 
assertive 
talkative 
enthusiastic
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27
Q

introverts (low Es)

A

quiet
overwhelmed by high levels of stimulation
more cautious
reserved

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28
Q

agreeableness (high As)

A 
warm and friendly
easy to like/be friends with 
kind/compassionate 
empathetic
helpful
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29
Q

agreeableness (low As)

A 
put themselves first 
authentic
seem cold/unfriendly/unkind
uncooperative
less trusting
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30
Q

neuroticism (high Ns)

A

difficult to deal with
experience negative emotions
sensitive
most vulnerable to anxiety and depressive disorders

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31
Q

big five factors are useful for

A

understanding people’s behaviours, thoughts, and emotions, and predicting why people do the things they do

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32
Q

authoritarians were theorized to be (authoritarian personality)

A

rigid and dogmatic in their thinking. more likely to endorse and engage in prejudice and violence

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33
Q

HEXACO model of personality (Lee and Ashton)

A

a six factor theory that generally replicated the factors of the five factor model and adds one additional factor: honesty-humility

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34
Q

honesty-humility (high HHs)

A

sincere
honest
modest
pro social behaviour

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35
Q

honesty-humility (low HHs)

A 
deceitful 
greedy
selfish
antisocial
violent tendencies 
manipulative 
self importance
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36
Q

dark triad

A

three traits- machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism - that describe a person who is socially destructive, aggressive, dishonest, and likely to commit harm in general

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37
Q

machiavellianism

A

tendency to use people and to be manipulative
lacking respect of others
focusing on ones own self interest

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38
Q

psychopathy

A

shallow emotional responses
feel little empathy for others
thrill out of conflict, control, or harm to others
little remorse

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39
Q

narcissism

A

excessive sense of self importance
can be charming
put themselves first

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40
Q

right wing authoritarianism (RWA)

A

a problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain typos of violent or antisocial tendencies

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41
Q

RWA involves three key tendencies

A
  1. obeying orders and differing to the established authorities in a society
  2. supporting aggression against those who dissent or differ from the established social order
  3. believing strongly in main ring the existing social order
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42
Q

RWAs rend to hold

A

strong beliefs and are highly resistant to changing them. generally more prejudiced tending to negatively judge people who hold different perspectives from them. agree with unethical decisions made by leaders

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43
Q

sadism

A

heartless tendency to enjoy others suffering - appetite for cruelty

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44
Q

correlation between trolling and dark traits

A

strong connection (positive correlational) between trolling and dark personality traits

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45
Q

temperaments represent

A

an natural, biological foundation upon which personality is built
(they vary on characteristics such as activity level, mood, attention span, and distractibility)

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46
Q

infant temperament predicts

A

the adult personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness

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47
Q

the more that people prac use being extroverted, open minded, conscientious, agreeable, or neurotic,

A

the more they train their brains to function in that manner

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48
Q

personality structures influence

A

patterns in the persons life and build networks in the persons brain in ways that reinforce themselves, leading personality to be quite stable over time

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49
Q

state

A

a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour

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50
Q

four general aspects of situations that are most likely to influence behaviour

A

locations (ex work, home)
associations (ex alone, with family)
activities (ex awake, studying)
subjective states (ex mad, sick, happy)

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51
Q

the behaviourist perspective

A

behaviourist would not me any identifiable patterns of behaviour and seek to understand how that behaviour was drawn out by specific environmental conditions

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52
Q

behaviourism

A

the behaviours you engage in are based on your past experiences of reinforcement and punishment
believes traits are just labels that explain the behaviour patterns

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53
Q

reciprocal determinism and the social cognitive approach

A

personality is a product of dynamic interactions between behaviour and reinforcement and importantly, the beliefs expectancies, and dispositions of the individual

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54
Q

person situation debate

A

questions of what her behaviour is caused more by personality or by situational factors

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55
Q

walter mischel (1968) argued

A

that personality traits do little to predict behaviour (r = 0.30 on average)
- behaviours may not transfer in diffeeent situations

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56
Q

albert banduras social- cognitive theory

A

personality develops out of the persons interaction with the environment

  • ends up forming belifs about their relationship to the environment
  • we shape the situations that we encounter
  • we form beliefs about the likely consequences of our choices
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57
Q

social cognitive perspective brings together insights from

A

social psychology
cognitive psychology
learning theory

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58
Q

albert bandura central idea reciprocal determinism

A

behaviour, internal, and external factors interact to determine one another and our personalities are based on these interactions

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59
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

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60
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

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61
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

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62
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

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63
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

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64
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

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65
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

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66
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
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67
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

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68
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

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69
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

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70
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

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71
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

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72
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

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73
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

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74
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

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75
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

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76
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
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77
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
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78
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

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79
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

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80
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

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81
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

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82
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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83
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

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84
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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85
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

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86
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

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87
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

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88
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

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89
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

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90
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

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91
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

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92
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

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93
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

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94
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

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95
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

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96
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

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97
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

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98
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

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99
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

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100
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

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101
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

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102
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

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103
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

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104
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

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105
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

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106
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

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107
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

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108
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

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109
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
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110
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
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111
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
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112
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

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113
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
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114
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

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115
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

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116
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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118
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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125
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

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126
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

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127
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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128
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

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129
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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130
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

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131
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

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132
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

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4
5
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133
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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134
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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135
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

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136
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

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137
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

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138
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

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139
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

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140
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
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2
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141
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
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2
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4
5
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142
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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143
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
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2
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144
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

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145
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

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146
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

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147
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

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148
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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149
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

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150
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

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2
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151
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

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152
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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153
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
157
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
160
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
169
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
172
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
183
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
185
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
186
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
187
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
188
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
189
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
190
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
191
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
192
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
193
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
195
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
196
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
197
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
198
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
199
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
200
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
201
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
202
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
203
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
204
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
205
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
206
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
207
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
208
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
209
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
210
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
211
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
212
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
213
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
214
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
215
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
216
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

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217
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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218
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

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219
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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220
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

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221
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

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222
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

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223
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
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224
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

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225
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

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226
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

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227
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

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228
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

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229
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

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230
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

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2
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231
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

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5
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232
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

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233
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
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234
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

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235
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

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236
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

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237
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

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238
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
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239
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

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240
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

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241
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

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242
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

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243
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

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244
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

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245
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

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246
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
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247
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

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248
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

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249
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

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250
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

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251
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

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2
3
4
5
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252
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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253
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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254
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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255
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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256
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
257
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
258
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
259
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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260
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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261
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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262
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
263
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
264
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
265
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
266
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
267
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
268
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
269
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
270
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
271
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
272
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
273
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
274
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
275
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
276
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
277
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
278
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
279
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
280
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
281
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
282
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
283
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
284
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
285
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
286
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
287
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
288
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
289
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
290
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
291
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
292
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
293
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
294
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
295
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
296
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
297
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
298
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
299
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
300
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
301
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
302
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
303
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
304
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
305
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
306
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
307
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
308
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
309
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
310
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
311
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
312
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
313
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
314
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
315
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
316
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
317
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
318
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
319
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
320
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
321
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
322
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
323
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
324
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
325
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
326
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

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327
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

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328
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
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3
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329
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

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330
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

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331
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

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332
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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333
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
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5
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334
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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335
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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336
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
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337
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

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338
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

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339
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

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340
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

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341
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
342
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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343
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
344
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
345
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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346
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
347
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
348
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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349
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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350
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

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2
3
4
5
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351
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

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352
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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353
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

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354
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
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2
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5
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355
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

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356
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

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357
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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358
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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359
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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360
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

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361
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

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362
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

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363
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

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364
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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365
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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366
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
367
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
368
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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369
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

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370
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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371
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
372
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
373
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
374
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
375
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
376
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
377
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
378
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
379
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
380
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
381
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
382
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
383
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
384
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
385
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
386
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
387
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
388
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
389
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
390
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
391
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
392
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
393
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
394
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
395
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
396
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
397
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
398
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
399
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
400
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
401
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
402
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
403
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
404
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
405
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
406
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
407
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
408
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
409
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
410
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
411
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
412
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
413
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
414
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
415
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
416
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
417
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
418
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
419
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
420
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
421
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
422
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
423
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
424
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
425
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
426
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
427
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
428
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
429
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
430
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
431
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
432
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
433
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
434
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
435
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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436
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
437
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
438
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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439
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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440
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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441
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

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442
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
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4
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443
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

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3
4
5
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444
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
445
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
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446
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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447
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
448
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
449
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
450
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
451
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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452
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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453
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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454
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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455
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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456
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
457
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
458
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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459
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

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460
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

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461
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

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462
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

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463
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
464
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
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2
3
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5
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465
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

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2
3
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5
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466
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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467
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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468
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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469
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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470
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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471
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
472
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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473
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
474
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
475
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
476
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
477
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
478
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
479
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
480
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
481
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
482
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
483
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
484
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
485
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
486
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
487
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
488
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
489
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
490
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
491
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
492
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
493
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
494
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
495
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
496
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
497
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
498
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
499
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
500
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
501
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
502
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
503
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
504
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
505
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
506
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
507
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
508
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
509
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
510
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
511
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
512
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
513
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
514
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
515
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
516
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
517
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
518
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
519
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
520
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
521
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
522
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
523
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
524
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
525
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
526
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
527
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
528
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
529
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
530
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
531
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
532
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
533
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
534
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
535
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
536
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
537
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
538
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
539
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
540
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
541
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
542
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
543
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

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544
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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545
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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546
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
547
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
548
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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549
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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550
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
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3
4
5
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551
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

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3
4
5
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552
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
553
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
554
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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555
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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556
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
557
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
558
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
559
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
560
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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561
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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562
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
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5
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563
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
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2
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4
5
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564
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

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2
3
4
5
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565
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

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1
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2
3
4
5
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566
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
567
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
568
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
569
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
570
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
571
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
572
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
573
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
574
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
575
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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576
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

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2
3
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5
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577
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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578
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

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3
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579
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
580
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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581
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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582
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
583
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
584
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
585
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
586
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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587
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
588
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
589
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
590
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
591
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
592
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
593
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
594
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
595
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
596
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
597
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
598
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
599
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
600
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
601
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
602
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
603
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
604
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
605
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
606
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
607
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
608
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
609
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
610
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
611
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
612
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
613
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
614
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
615
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
616
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
617
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
618
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
619
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
620
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
621
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
622
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
623
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
624
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
625
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
626
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
627
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
628
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
629
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
630
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
631
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
632
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
633
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
634
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
635
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
636
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
637
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
638
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
639
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
640
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
641
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
642
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
643
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
644
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
645
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
646
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
647
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
648
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
649
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
650
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
651
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
652
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
653
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

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654
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

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2
3
4
5
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655
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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656
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
657
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
658
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
659
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
660
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
661
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
662
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
663
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
664
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
665
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
666
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
667
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
668
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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669
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
670
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
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2
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4
5
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671
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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672
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
673
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
674
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
675
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
676
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
677
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
678
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
679
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
680
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
681
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
682
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
683
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
684
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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685
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
686
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
687
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
688
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
689
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
690
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
691
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
692
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
693
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
694
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
695
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
696
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
697
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
698
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
699
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
700
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
701
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
702
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
703
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
704
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
705
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
706
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
707
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
708
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
709
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
710
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
711
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
712
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
713
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
714
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
715
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
716
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
717
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
718
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
719
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
720
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
721
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
722
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
723
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
724
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
725
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
726
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
727
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
728
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
729
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
730
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
731
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
732
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
733
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
734
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
735
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
736
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
737
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
738
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
739
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
740
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
741
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
742
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
743
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
744
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
745
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
746
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
747
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
748
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
749
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
750
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
751
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
752
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
753
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
754
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
755
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
756
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
757
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
758
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
759
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
760
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
761
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
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Not at all
2
3
4
5
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762
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
763
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
764
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
765
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
766
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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767
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
768
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
769
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
770
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
771
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
772
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
773
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
774
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
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2
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4
5
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775
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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776
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

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3
4
5
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777
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
778
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
779
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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780
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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781
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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782
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
783
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
784
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
785
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
786
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
787
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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788
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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789
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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790
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
791
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
792
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
793
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
794
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
795
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
796
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
797
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
798
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
799
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
800
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
801
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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802
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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803
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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804
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
805
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
806
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
807
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
808
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
809
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
810
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
811
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
812
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
813
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
814
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
815
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
816
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
817
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
818
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
819
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
820
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
821
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
822
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
823
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
824
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
825
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
826
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
827
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
828
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
829
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
830
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
831
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
832
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
833
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
834
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

835
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

836
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

837
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

838
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

839
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

840
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

841
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
842
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
843
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

844
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

845
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

846
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

847
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

848
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

849
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

850
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

851
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

852
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

853
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

854
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

855
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

856
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

857
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

858
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

859
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

860
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

861
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

862
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

863
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

864
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

865
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

866
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

867
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

868
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

869
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

870
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

871
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

872
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

873
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

874
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

875
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

876
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
877
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

878
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

879
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

880
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

881
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

882
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

883
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

884
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

885
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

886
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
887
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
888
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

889
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

890
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

891
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

892
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

893
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

894
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

895
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

896
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

897
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

898
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

899
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

900
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

901
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

902
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

903
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

904
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

905
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

906
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

907
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

908
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

909
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

910
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

911
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

912
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

913
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

914
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

915
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

916
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

917
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

918
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

919
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

920
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

921
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
922
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

923
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

924
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

925
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

926
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

927
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

928
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

929
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

930
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

931
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
932
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
933
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

934
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

935
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

936
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

937
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

938
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

939
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

940
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

941
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

942
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

943
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

944
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

945
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

946
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

947
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

948
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

949
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

950
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

951
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

952
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

953
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

954
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

955
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

956
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

957
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

958
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

959
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

960
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

961
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

962
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

963
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

964
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

965
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

966
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
967
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

968
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

969
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

970
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

971
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

972
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

973
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

974
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

975
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

976
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
977
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
978
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

979
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

980
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

981
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

982
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

983
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

984
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

985
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

986
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

987
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

988
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

989
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

990
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

991
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

992
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

993
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

994
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

995
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

996
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

997
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

998
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

999
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1000
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1001
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1002
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1003
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1004
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1005
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1006
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1007
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1008
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1009
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1010
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1011
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1012
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1013
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1014
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1015
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1016
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1017
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1018
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1019
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1020
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1021
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1022
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1023
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1024
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1025
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1026
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1027
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1028
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1029
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1030
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1031
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1032
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1033
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1034
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1035
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1036
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1037
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1038
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1039
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1040
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1041
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1042
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1043
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1044
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1045
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1046
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1047
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1048
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1049
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1050
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1051
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1052
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1053
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1054
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1055
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1056
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1057
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1058
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1059
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1060
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1061
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1062
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1063
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1064
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1065
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1066
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1067
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1068
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1069
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1070
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1071
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1072
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1073
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1074
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1075
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1076
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1077
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1078
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1079
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1080
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1081
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1082
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1083
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1084
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1085
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1086
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1087
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1088
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1089
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1090
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1091
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1092
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1093
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1094
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1095
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1096
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1097
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1098
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1099
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1100
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1101
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1102
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1103
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1104
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1105
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1106
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1107
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1108
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1109
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1110
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1111
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1112
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1113
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1114
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1115
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1116
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1117
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1118
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1119
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1120
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1121
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1122
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1123
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1124
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1125
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1126
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1127
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1128
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1129
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1130
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1131
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1132
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1133
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1134
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1135
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1136
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1137
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1138
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1139
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1140
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1141
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1142
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1143
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1144
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1145
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1146
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1147
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1148
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1149
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1150
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1151
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1152
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1153
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1154
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1155
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1156
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1157
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1158
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1159
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1160
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1161
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1162
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1163
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1164
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1165
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1166
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1167
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1168
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1169
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1170
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1171
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1172
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1173
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1174
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1175
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1176
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1177
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1178
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1179
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1180
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1181
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1182
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1183
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1184
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1185
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1186
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1187
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1188
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1189
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1190
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1191
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1192
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1193
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1194
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1195
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1196
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1197
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1198
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1199
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1200
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1201
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1202
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1203
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1204
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1205
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1206
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1207
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1208
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1209
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1210
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1211
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1212
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1213
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1214
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1215
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1216
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1217
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1218
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1219
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1220
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1221
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1222
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1223
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1224
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1225
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1226
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1227
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1228
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1229
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1230
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1231
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1232
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1233
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1234
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1235
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1236
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1237
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1238
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1239
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1240
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1241
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1242
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1243
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1244
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1245
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1246
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1247
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1248
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1249
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1250
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1251
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1252
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1253
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1254
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1255
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1256
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1257
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1258
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1259
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1260
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1261
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1262
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1263
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1264
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1265
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1266
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1267
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1268
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1269
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1270
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1271
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1272
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1273
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1274
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1275
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1276
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1277
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1278
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1279
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1280
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1281
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1282
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1283
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1284
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1285
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1286
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1287
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1288
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1289
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1290
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1291
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1292
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1293
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1294
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1295
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1296
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1297
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1298
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1299
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1300
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1301
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1302
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1303
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1304
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1305
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1306
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1307
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1308
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1309
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1310
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1311
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1312
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1313
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1314
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1315
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1316
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1317
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1318
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1319
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1320
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1321
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1322
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1323
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1324
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1325
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1326
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1327
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1328
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1329
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1330
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1331
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1332
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1333
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1334
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1335
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1336
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1337
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1338
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1339
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1340
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1341
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1342
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1343
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1344
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1345
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1346
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1347
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1348
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1349
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1350
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1351
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1352
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1353
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1354
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1355
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1356
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1357
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1358
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1359
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1360
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1361
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1362
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1363
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1364
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1365
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1366
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1367
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1368
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1369
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1370
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1371
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1372
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1373
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1374
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1375
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1376
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1377
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1378
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1379
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1380
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1381
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1382
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1383
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1384
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1385
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1386
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1387
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1388
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1389
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1390
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1391
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1392
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1393
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1394
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1395
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1396
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1397
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1398
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1399
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1400
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1401
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1402
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1403
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1404
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1405
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1406
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1407
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1408
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1409
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1410
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1411
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1412
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1413
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1414
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1415
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1416
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1417
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1418
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1419
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1420
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1421
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1422
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1423
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1424
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1425
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1426
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1427
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1428
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1429
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1430
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1431
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1432
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1433
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1434
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1435
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1436
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1437
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1438
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1439
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1440
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1441
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1442
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1443
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1444
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1445
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1446
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1447
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1448
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1449
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1450
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1451
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1452
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1453
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1454
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1455
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1456
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1457
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1458
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1459
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1460
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1461
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1462
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1463
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1464
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1465
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1466
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1467
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1468
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1469
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1470
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1471
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1472
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1473
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1474
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1475
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1476
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1477
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1478
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1479
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1480
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1481
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1482
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1483
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1484
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1485
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1486
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1487
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1488
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1489
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1490
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1491
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1492
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1493
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1494
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1495
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1496
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1497
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1498
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1499
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1500
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1501
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1502
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1503
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1504
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1505
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1506
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1507
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1508
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1509
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1510
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1511
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1512
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1513
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1514
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1515
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1516
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1517
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1518
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1519
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1520
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1521
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1522
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1523
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1524
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1525
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1526
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1527
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1528
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1529
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1530
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1531
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1532
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1533
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1534
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1535
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1536
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1537
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1538
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1539
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1540
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1541
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1542
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1543
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1544
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1545
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1546
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1547
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1548
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1549
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1550
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1551
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1552
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1553
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1554
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1555
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1556
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1557
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1558
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1559
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1560
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1561
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1562
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1563
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1564
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1565
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1566
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1567
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1568
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1569
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1570
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1571
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1572
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1573
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1574
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1575
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1576
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1577
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1578
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1579
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1580
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1581
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1582
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1583
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1584
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1585
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1586
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1587
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1588
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1589
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1590
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1591
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1592
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1593
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1594
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1595
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1596
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1597
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1598
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1599
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1600
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1601
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1602
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1603
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1604
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1605
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1606
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1607
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1608
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1609
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1610
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1611
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1612
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1613
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1614
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1615
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1616
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1617
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1618
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1619
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1620
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1621
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1622
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1623
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1624
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1625
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1626
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1627
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1628
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1629
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1630
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1631
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1632
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1633
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1634
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1635
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1636
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1637
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1638
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1639
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1640
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1641
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1642
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1643
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1644
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1645
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1646
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1647
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1648
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1649
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1650
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1651
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1652
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1653
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1654
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1655
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1656
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1657
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1658
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1659
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1660
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1661
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1662
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1663
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1664
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1665
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1666
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1667
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1668
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1669
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1670
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1671
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1672
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1673
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1674
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1675
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1676
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1677
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1678
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1679
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1680
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1681
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1682
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1683
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1684
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1685
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1686
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1687
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1688
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1689
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1690
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1691
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1692
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1693
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1694
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1695
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1696
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1697
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1698
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1699
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1700
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1701
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1702
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1703
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1704
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1705
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1706
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1707
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1708
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1709
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1710
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1711
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1712
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1713
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1714
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1715
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1716
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1717
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1718
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1719
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1720
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1721
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1722
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1723
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1724
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1725
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1726
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1727
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1728
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1729
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1730
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1731
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1732
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1733
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1734
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1735
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1736
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1737
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1738
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1739
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1740
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1741
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1742
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1743
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1744
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1745
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1746
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1747
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1748
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1749
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1750
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1751
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1752
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1753
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1754
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1755
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1756
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1757
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1758
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1759
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1760
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1761
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1762
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1763
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1764
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1765
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1766
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1767
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1768
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1769
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1770
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1771
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1772
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1773
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1774
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1775
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1776
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1777
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1778
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1779
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1780
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1781
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1782
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1783
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1784
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1785
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1786
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1787
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1788
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1789
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1790
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1791
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1792
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1793
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1794
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1795
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1796
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1797
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1798
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1799
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1800
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1801
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1802
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1803
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1804
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1805
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1806
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1807
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1808
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1809
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1810
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1811
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1812
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1813
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1814
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1815
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1816
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1817
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1818
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1819
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1820
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1821
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1822
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1823
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1824
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1825
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1826
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1827
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1828
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1829
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1830
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1831
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1832
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1833
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1834
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1835
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1836
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1837
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1838
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1839
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1840
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1841
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1842
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1843
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1844
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1845
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1846
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1847
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1848
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1849
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1850
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1851
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1852
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1853
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1854
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1855
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1856
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1857
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1858
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1859
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1860
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1861
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1862
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1863
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1864
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1865
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1866
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1867
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1868
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1869
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1870
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1871
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1872
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1873
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1874
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1875
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1876
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1877
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1878
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1879
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1880
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1881
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1882
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1883
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1884
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1885
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1886
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1887
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1888
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1889
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1890
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1891
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1892
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1893
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1894
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1895
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1896
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1897
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1898
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1899
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1900
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1901
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1902
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1903
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1904
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1905
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1906
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1907
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1908
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1909
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1910
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1911
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1912
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1913
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1914
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1915
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1916
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1917
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1918
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1919
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1920
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1921
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1922
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1923
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1924
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1925
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1926
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1927
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1928
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1929
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1930
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1931
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1932
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1933
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1934
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1935
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1936
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1937
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1938
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1939
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1940
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1941
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1942
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1943
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1944
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1945
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1946
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1947
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1948
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1949
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1950
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1951
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1952
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1953
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1954
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

1955
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

1956
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
1957
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

1958
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

1959
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

1960
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

1961
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

1962
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

1963
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

1964
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

1965
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

1966
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
1967
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
1968
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

1969
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

1970
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

1971
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

1972
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

1973
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

1974
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

1975
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

1976
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

1977
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

1978
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

1979
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

1980
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

1981
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

1982
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

1983
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

1984
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

1985
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

1986
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

1987
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

1988
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

1989
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

1990
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

1991
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

1992
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

1993
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

1994
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

1995
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

1996
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

1997
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

1998
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

1999
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

2000
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

2001
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
2002
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

2003
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

2004
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

2005
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

2006
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

2007
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

2008
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

2009
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

2010
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

2011
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
2012
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
2013
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

2014
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

2015
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

2016
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

2017
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

2018
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

2019
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

2020
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

2021
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

2022
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

2023
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

2024
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

2025
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

2026
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

2027
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

2028
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

2029
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

2030
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

2031
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

2032
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

2033
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

2034
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

2035
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

2036
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

2037
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

2038
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

2039
Q

WEIRD

A

western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people

2040
Q

self

A

image and understanding of who one is

- meaning of self varies from culture to culture

2041
Q

individualistic

A

prioritize ones own goals over group goals

- define ones identity in terms of personal traits

2042
Q

collectivist

A

prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members

2043
Q

response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to questions

- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms

2044
Q

big five personality traits of twins has shown that

A

identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes

2045
Q

identical twins raised in different households are

A

as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other

2046
Q

personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence

A

on the personality characteristics of their adopted children

  • adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
  • the genetic influences on personality are strong
2047
Q

evolutionary perspectives help us

A

understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have

2048
Q

humourism

A

explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body

2049
Q

phrenology

A

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull

2050
Q

arousal theory of extraversion

A

extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

2051
Q

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

A

plays a central role in controlling the arousal response

2052
Q

Eysenck’s idea

A

Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS

2053
Q

jeffery gray

A

approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system

2054
Q

behavioural activation system (BAS)

A

a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences

2055
Q

behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

A

a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

2056
Q

BAS correlations

A
  • i go out of my way to get things i want
  • when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
  • when i want something i usually go all out to get it
  • i crave excitement and new sensations
2057
Q

BIS

A
  • criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
  • i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
  • if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
  • i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
  • i worry about making mistakes
2058
Q

extraversion part of the brain

A

extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala

2059
Q

neuroticism part of the brain

A

neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus

2060
Q

agreeableness part of the brain

A

agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus

2061
Q

conscientiousness part of the brain

A

have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex

2062
Q

openness to experience part of the brain

A

have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

2063
Q

sigmund freud (1865-1939)

A

austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders

2064
Q

psychodynamic theories of personality

A

conflicting psychological energies

- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

2065
Q

assumption of psychodynamic theories

A

that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious

2066
Q

conscious mind

A

your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now

2067
Q

unconscious mind

A

a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours

2068
Q

freudian slip

A

the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”

2069
Q

id

A

a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)

2070
Q

superego

A

is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)

2071
Q

ego

A

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)

2072
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego

2073
Q

anxiety plays a huge role in

A

psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced

2074
Q

defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

2075
Q

denial

A

refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)

2076
Q

displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)

2077
Q

identification

A

unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)

2078
Q

projection

A

perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)

2079
Q

rationalization

A

attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours

2080
Q

reaction formation

A

altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite

2081
Q

repression

A

keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious

2082
Q

sublimation

A

transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives

2083
Q

fixation

A

becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

Intro Psychology (6 decks)

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