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chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

personality

A

a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situation

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2
Q

personality psychology

A

the scientific study of (a) individual differences, and (b) how the various parts of a person come together as a whole

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3
Q

idiographic approach

A

creating detailed descriptions of a specific persons unique personality characteristics

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4
Q

idiographic approaches are helpful for

A

understanding yourself and social world
examining the full range of human experience
psychological portraits of public figures
criminal profiling

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5
Q

nomothetic approach

A

examines personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure

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6
Q

nomothetic approach wants to understand

A

what personality factors or traits are relevant to understanding people
whether a certain “type” of person is more likely to exhibit a certain behaviour pattern

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7
Q

the key to nomothetic research is to

A

identify the important personality traits that are related to whatever it is that you are interested in understanding

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8
Q

data sources: LOTS of data

A

Life outcome data
Observer reports
Test data
Self reports

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9
Q

traits summarize

A

a great deal of information about a person and help to predict how that person will behave across a range of situations

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10
Q

gordon allport

A

made the first systematic attempt to identify all possible traits was made in the 1930s. tallied nearly 18 000 english words that could be used to describe an individuals physical and psychological attributes

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11
Q

allports theory

A

developed a theory of personality structure by organizing these words into traits, launching a strong trend in personality psychology that continues to this day. attempting to identify and measure the key personality traits

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12
Q

self report data

A

the information a person reveals about her/himself in questionnaire or interviews

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13
Q

the barnum effect

A

when people are convinced that a personality profile describes them well. this can occur when the profile is patently false and was not generated to describe them at all

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14
Q

the barnum effect goes back to

A

the late 1940s when bertram forer gave research participants a personality test and then generated a personality description that subjects believed was based on their test responses. even though all participants were given exactly the same personality description

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15
Q

factor analysis

A

1) a statistical technique that examines correlation between variables to find clusters of related variables or factors. 2) in personality analysis, grouping items that people respond similarly

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16
Q

factor analysis is used to

A

group items that people respond to similarly

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17
Q

strengths and weaknesses of self reports

A

strength: individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves
weakness: respondents must be honest - impression management - self deception

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18
Q

five factor model

A

a trait based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimensions created by McCrae and Costa

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19
Q

personality traits help

A

summarize information and help predict behaviour

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20
Q

raymond cartell (1946)

A

used factor analysis to isolate 16 key personality traits

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21
Q

the five factor model dimensions (OCEAN)

A 
openness 
conscientiousness 
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
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22
Q

openness (high Os)

A 
dreamers 
creative types 
open to new ideas, opinions, and perspectives 
curious 
abstract thinking 
aware of emotions
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23
Q

openness (low Os)

A 
security in the known 
practice 
straightforward 
resistant to change 
suspicious of emotions
rational 
logical
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24
Q

conscientiousness (high Os)

A 
organizers 
efficient 
self disciplined 
dependable 
comfortable with schedules and lists 
more likely to engage in healthy behaviours
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25
conscientiousness (low Cs)
``` easy going disorganized careless with details difficulty meeting deadlines not as stressed, enjoy themselves more ```
26
extraversion (high Es)
``` socializers sensation seekers comfortable in stimulating environments love others company assertive talkative enthusiastic ```
27
introverts (low Es)
quiet overwhelmed by high levels of stimulation more cautious reserved
28
agreeableness (high As)
``` warm and friendly easy to like/be friends with kind/compassionate empathetic helpful ```
29
agreeableness (low As)
``` put themselves first authentic seem cold/unfriendly/unkind uncooperative less trusting ```
30
neuroticism (high Ns)
difficult to deal with experience negative emotions sensitive most vulnerable to anxiety and depressive disorders
31
big five factors are useful for
understanding people’s behaviours, thoughts, and emotions, and predicting why people do the things they do
32
authoritarians were theorized to be (authoritarian personality)
rigid and dogmatic in their thinking. more likely to endorse and engage in prejudice and violence
33
HEXACO model of personality (Lee and Ashton)
a six factor theory that generally replicated the factors of the five factor model and adds one additional factor: honesty-humility
34
honesty-humility (high HHs)
sincere honest modest pro social behaviour
35
honesty-humility (low HHs)
``` deceitful greedy selfish antisocial violent tendencies manipulative self importance ```
36
dark triad
three traits- machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism - that describe a person who is socially destructive, aggressive, dishonest, and likely to commit harm in general
37
machiavellianism
tendency to use people and to be manipulative lacking respect of others focusing on ones own self interest
38
psychopathy
shallow emotional responses feel little empathy for others thrill out of conflict, control, or harm to others little remorse
39
narcissism
excessive sense of self importance can be charming put themselves first
40
right wing authoritarianism (RWA)
a problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain typos of violent or antisocial tendencies
41
RWA involves three key tendencies
1. obeying orders and differing to the established authorities in a society 2. supporting aggression against those who dissent or differ from the established social order 3. believing strongly in main ring the existing social order
42
RWAs rend to hold
strong beliefs and are highly resistant to changing them. generally more prejudiced tending to negatively judge people who hold different perspectives from them. agree with unethical decisions made by leaders
43
sadism
heartless tendency to enjoy others suffering - appetite for cruelty
44
correlation between trolling and dark traits
strong connection (positive correlational) between trolling and dark personality traits
45
temperaments represent
an natural, biological foundation upon which personality is built (they vary on characteristics such as activity level, mood, attention span, and distractibility)
46
infant temperament predicts
the adult personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness
47
the more that people prac use being extroverted, open minded, conscientious, agreeable, or neurotic,
the more they train their brains to function in that manner
48
personality structures influence
patterns in the persons life and build networks in the persons brain in ways that reinforce themselves, leading personality to be quite stable over time
49
state
a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour
50
four general aspects of situations that are most likely to influence behaviour
locations (ex work, home) associations (ex alone, with family) activities (ex awake, studying) subjective states (ex mad, sick, happy)
51
the behaviourist perspective
behaviourist would not me any identifiable patterns of behaviour and seek to understand how that behaviour was drawn out by specific environmental conditions
52
behaviourism
the behaviours you engage in are based on your past experiences of reinforcement and punishment believes traits are just labels that explain the behaviour patterns
53
reciprocal determinism and the social cognitive approach
personality is a product of dynamic interactions between behaviour and reinforcement and importantly, the beliefs expectancies, and dispositions of the individual
54
person situation debate
questions of what her behaviour is caused more by personality or by situational factors
55
walter mischel (1968) argued
that personality traits do little to predict behaviour (r = 0.30 on average) - behaviours may not transfer in diffeeent situations
56
albert banduras social- cognitive theory
personality develops out of the persons interaction with the environment - ends up forming belifs about their relationship to the environment - we shape the situations that we encounter - we form beliefs about the likely consequences of our choices
57
social cognitive perspective brings together insights from
social psychology cognitive psychology learning theory
58
albert bandura central idea reciprocal determinism
behaviour, internal, and external factors interact to determine one another and our personalities are based on these interactions
59
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
60
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
61
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
62
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
63
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
64
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
65
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
66
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
67
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
68
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
69
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
70
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
71
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
72
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
73
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
74
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
75
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
76
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
77
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
78
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
79
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
80
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
81
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
82
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
83
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
84
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
85
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
86
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
87
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
88
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
89
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
90
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
91
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
92
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
93
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
94
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
95
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
96
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
97
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
98
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
99
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
100
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
101
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
102
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
103
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
104
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
105
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
106
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
107
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
108
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
109
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
110
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
111
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
112
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
113
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
114
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
115
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
116
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
117
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
118
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
119
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
120
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
121
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
122
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
123
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
124
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
125
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
126
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
127
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
128
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
129
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
130
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
131
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
132
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
133
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
134
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
135
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
136
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
137
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
138
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
139
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
140
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
141
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
142
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
143
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
144
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
145
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
146
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
147
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
148
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
149
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
150
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
151
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
152
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
153
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
154
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
155
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
156
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
157
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
158
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
159
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
160
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
161
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
162
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
163
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
164
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
165
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
166
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
167
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
168
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
169
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
170
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
171
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
172
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
173
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
174
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
175
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
176
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
177
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
178
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
179
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
180
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
181
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
182
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
183
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
184
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
185
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
186
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
187
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
188
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
189
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
190
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
191
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
192
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
193
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
194
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
195
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
196
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
197
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
198
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
199
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
200
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
201
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
202
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
203
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
204
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
205
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
206
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
207
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
208
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
209
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
210
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
211
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
212
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
213
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
214
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
215
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
216
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
217
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
218
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
219
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
220
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
221
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
222
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
223
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
224
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
225
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
226
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
227
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
228
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
229
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
230
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
231
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
232
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
233
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
234
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
235
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
236
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
237
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
238
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
239
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
240
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
241
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
242
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
243
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
244
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
245
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
246
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
247
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
248
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
249
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
250
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
251
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
252
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
253
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
254
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
255
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
256
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
257
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
258
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
259
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
260
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
261
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
262
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
263
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
264
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
265
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
266
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
267
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
268
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
269
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
270
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
271
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
272
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
273
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
274
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
275
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
276
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
277
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
278
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
279
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
280
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
281
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
282
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
283
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
284
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
285
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
286
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
287
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
288
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
289
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
290
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
291
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
292
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
293
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
294
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
295
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
296
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
297
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
298
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
299
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
300
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
301
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
302
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
303
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
304
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
305
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
306
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
307
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
308
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
309
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
310
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
311
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
312
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
313
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
314
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
315
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
316
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
317
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
318
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
319
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
320
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
321
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
322
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
323
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
324
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
325
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
326
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
327
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
328
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
329
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
330
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
331
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
332
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
333
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
334
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
335
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
336
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
337
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
338
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
339
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
340
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
341
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
342
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
343
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
344
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
345
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
346
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
347
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
348
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
349
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
350
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
351
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
352
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
353
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
354
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
355
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
356
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
357
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
358
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
359
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
360
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
361
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
362
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
363
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
364
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
365
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
366
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
367
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
368
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
369
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
370
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
371
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
372
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
373
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
374
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
375
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
376
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
377
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
378
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
379
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
380
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
381
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
382
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
383
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
384
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
385
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
386
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
387
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
388
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
389
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
390
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
391
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
392
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
393
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
394
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
395
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
396
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
397
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
398
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
399
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
400
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
401
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
402
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
403
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
404
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
405
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
406
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
407
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
408
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
409
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
410
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
411
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
412
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
413
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
414
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
415
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
416
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
417
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
418
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
419
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
420
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
421
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
422
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
423
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
424
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
425
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
426
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
427
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
428
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
429
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
430
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
431
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
432
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
433
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
434
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
435
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
436
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
437
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
438
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
439
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
440
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
441
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
442
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
443
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
444
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
445
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
446
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
447
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
448
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
449
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
450
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
451
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
452
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
453
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
454
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
455
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
456
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
457
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
458
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
459
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
460
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
461
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
462
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
463
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
464
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
465
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
466
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
467
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
468
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
469
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
470
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
471
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
472
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
473
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
474
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
475
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
476
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
477
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
478
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
479
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
480
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
481
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
482
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
483
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
484
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
485
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
486
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
487
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
488
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
489
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
490
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
491
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
492
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
493
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
494
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
495
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
496
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
497
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
498
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
499
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
500
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
501
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
502
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
503
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
504
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
505
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
506
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
507
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
508
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
509
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
510
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
511
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
512
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
513
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
514
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
515
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
516
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
517
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
518
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
519
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
520
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
521
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
522
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
523
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
524
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
525
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
526
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
527
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
528
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
529
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
530
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
531
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
532
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
533
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
534
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
535
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
536
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
537
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
538
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
539
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
540
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
541
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
542
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
543
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
544
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
545
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
546
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
547
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
548
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
549
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
550
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
551
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
552
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
553
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
554
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
555
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
556
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
557
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
558
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
559
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
560
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
561
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
562
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
563
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
564
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
565
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
566
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
567
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
568
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
569
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
570
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
571
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
572
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
573
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
574
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
575
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
576
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
577
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
578
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
579
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
580
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
581
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
582
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
583
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
584
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
585
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
586
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
587
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
588
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
589
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
590
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
591
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
592
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
593
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
594
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
595
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
596
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
597
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
598
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
599
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
600
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
601
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
602
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
603
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
604
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
605
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
606
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
607
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
608
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
609
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
610
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
611
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
612
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
613
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
614
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
615
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
616
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
617
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
618
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
619
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
620
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
621
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
622
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
623
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
624
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
625
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
626
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
627
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
628
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
629
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
630
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
631
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
632
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
633
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
634
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
635
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
636
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
637
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
638
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
639
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
640
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
641
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
642
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
643
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
644
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
645
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
646
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
647
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
648
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
649
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
650
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
651
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
652
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
653
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
654
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
655
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
656
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
657
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
658
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
659
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
660
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
661
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
662
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
663
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
664
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
665
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
666
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
667
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
668
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
669
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
670
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
671
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
672
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
673
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
674
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
675
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
676
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
677
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
678
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
679
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
680
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
681
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
682
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
683
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
684
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
685
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
686
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
687
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
688
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
689
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
690
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
691
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
692
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
693
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
694
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
695
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
696
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
697
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
698
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
699
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
700
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
701
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
702
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
703
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
704
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
705
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
706
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
707
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
708
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
709
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
710
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
711
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
712
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
713
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
714
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
715
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
716
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
717
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
718
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
719
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
720
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
721
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
722
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
723
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
724
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
725
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
726
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
727
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
728
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
729
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
730
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
731
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
732
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
733
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
734
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
735
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
736
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
737
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
738
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
739
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
740
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
741
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
742
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
743
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
744
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
745
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
746
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
747
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
748
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
749
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
750
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
751
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
752
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
753
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
754
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
755
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
756
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
757
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
758
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
759
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
760
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
761
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
762
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
763
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
764
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
765
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
766
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
767
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
768
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
769
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
770
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
771
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
772
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
773
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
774
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
775
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
776
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
777
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
778
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
779
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
780
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
781
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
782
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
783
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
784
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
785
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
786
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
787
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
788
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
789
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
790
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
791
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
792
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
793
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
794
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
795
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
796
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
797
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
798
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
799
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
800
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
801
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
802
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
803
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
804
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
805
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
806
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
807
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
808
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
809
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
810
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
811
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
812
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
813
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
814
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
815
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
816
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
817
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
818
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
819
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
820
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
821
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
822
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
823
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
824
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
825
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
826
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
827
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
828
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
829
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
830
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
831
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
832
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
833
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
834
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
835
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
836
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
837
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
838
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
839
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
840
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
841
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
842
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
843
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
844
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
845
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
846
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
847
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
848
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
849
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
850
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
851
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
852
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
853
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
854
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
855
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
856
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
857
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
858
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
859
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
860
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
861
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
862
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
863
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
864
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
865
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
866
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
867
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
868
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
869
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
870
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
871
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
872
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
873
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
874
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
875
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
876
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
877
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
878
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
879
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
880
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
881
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
882
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
883
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
884
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
885
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
886
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
887
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
888
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
889
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
890
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
891
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
892
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
893
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
894
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
895
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
896
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
897
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
898
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
899
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
900
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
901
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
902
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
903
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
904
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
905
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
906
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
907
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
908
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
909
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
910
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
911
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
912
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
913
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
914
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
915
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
916
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
917
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
918
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
919
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
920
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
921
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
922
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
923
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
924
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
925
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
926
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
927
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
928
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
929
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
930
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
931
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
932
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
933
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
934
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
935
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
936
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
937
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
938
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
939
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
940
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
941
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
942
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
943
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
944
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
945
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
946
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
947
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
948
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
949
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
950
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
951
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
952
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
953
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
954
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
955
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
956
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
957
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
958
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
959
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
960
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
961
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
962
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
963
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
964
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
965
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
966
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
967
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
968
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
969
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
970
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
971
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
972
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
973
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
974
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
975
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
976
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
977
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
978
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
979
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
980
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
981
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
982
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
983
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
984
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
985
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
986
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
987
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
988
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
989
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
990
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
991
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
992
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
993
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
994
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
995
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
996
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
997
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
998
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
999
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1000
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1001
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1002
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1003
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1004
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1005
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1006
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1007
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1008
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1009
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1010
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1011
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1012
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1013
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1014
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1015
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1016
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1017
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1018
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1019
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1020
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1021
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1022
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1023
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1024
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1025
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1026
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1027
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1028
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1029
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1030
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1031
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1032
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1033
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1034
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1035
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1036
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1037
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1038
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1039
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1040
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1041
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1042
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1043
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1044
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1045
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1046
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1047
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1048
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1049
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1050
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1051
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1052
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1053
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1054
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1055
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1056
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1057
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1058
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1059
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1060
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1061
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1062
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1063
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1064
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1065
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1066
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1067
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1068
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1069
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1070
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1071
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1072
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1073
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1074
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1075
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1076
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1077
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1078
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1079
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1080
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1081
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1082
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1083
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1084
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1085
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1086
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1087
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1088
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1089
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1090
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1091
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1092
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1093
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1094
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1095
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1096
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1097
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1098
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1099
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1100
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1101
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1102
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1103
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1104
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1105
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1106
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1107
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1108
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1109
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1110
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1111
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1112
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1113
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1114
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1115
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1116
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1117
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1118
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1119
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1120
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1121
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1122
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1123
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1124
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1125
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1126
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1127
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1128
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1129
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1130
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1131
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1132
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1133
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1134
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1135
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1136
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1137
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1138
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1139
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1140
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1141
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1142
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1143
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1144
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1145
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1146
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1147
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1148
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1149
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1150
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1151
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1152
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1153
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1154
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1155
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1156
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1157
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1158
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1159
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1160
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1161
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1162
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1163
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1164
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1165
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1166
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1167
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1168
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1169
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1170
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1171
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1172
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1173
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1174
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1175
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1176
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1177
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1178
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1179
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1180
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1181
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1182
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1183
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1184
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1185
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1186
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1187
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1188
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1189
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1190
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1191
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1192
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1193
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1194
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1195
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1196
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1197
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1198
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1199
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1200
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1201
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1202
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1203
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1204
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1205
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1206
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1207
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1208
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1209
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1210
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1211
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1212
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1213
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1214
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1215
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1216
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1217
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1218
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1219
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1220
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1221
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1222
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1223
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1224
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1225
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1226
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1227
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1228
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1229
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1230
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1231
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1232
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1233
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1234
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1235
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1236
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1237
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1238
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1239
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1240
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1241
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1242
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1243
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1244
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1245
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1246
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1247
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1248
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1249
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1250
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1251
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1252
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1253
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1254
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1255
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1256
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1257
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1258
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1259
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1260
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1261
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1262
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1263
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1264
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1265
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1266
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1267
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1268
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1269
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1270
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1271
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1272
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1273
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1274
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1275
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1276
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1277
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1278
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1279
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1280
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1281
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1282
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1283
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1284
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1285
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1286
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1287
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1288
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1289
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1290
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1291
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1292
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1293
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1294
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1295
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1296
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1297
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1298
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1299
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1300
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1301
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1302
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1303
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1304
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1305
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1306
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1307
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1308
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1309
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1310
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1311
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1312
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1313
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1314
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1315
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1316
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1317
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1318
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1319
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1320
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1321
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1322
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1323
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1324
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1325
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1326
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1327
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1328
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1329
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1330
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1331
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1332
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1333
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1334
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1335
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1336
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1337
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1338
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1339
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1340
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1341
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1342
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1343
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1344
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1345
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1346
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1347
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1348
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1349
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1350
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1351
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1352
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1353
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1354
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1355
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1356
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1357
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1358
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1359
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1360
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1361
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1362
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1363
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1364
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1365
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1366
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1367
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1368
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1369
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1370
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1371
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1372
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1373
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1374
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1375
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1376
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1377
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1378
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1379
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1380
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1381
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1382
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1383
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1384
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1385
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1386
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1387
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1388
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1389
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1390
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1391
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1392
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1393
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1394
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1395
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1396
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1397
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1398
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1399
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1400
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1401
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1402
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1403
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1404
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1405
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1406
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1407
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1408
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1409
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1410
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1411
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1412
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1413
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1414
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1415
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1416
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1417
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1418
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1419
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1420
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1421
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1422
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1423
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1424
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1425
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1426
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1427
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1428
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1429
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1430
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1431
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1432
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1433
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1434
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1435
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1436
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1437
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1438
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1439
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1440
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1441
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1442
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1443
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1444
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1445
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1446
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1447
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1448
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1449
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1450
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1451
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1452
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1453
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1454
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1455
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1456
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1457
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1458
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1459
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1460
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1461
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1462
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1463
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1464
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1465
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1466
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1467
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1468
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1469
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1470
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1471
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1472
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1473
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1474
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1475
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1476
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1477
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1478
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1479
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1480
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1481
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1482
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1483
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1484
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1485
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1486
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1487
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1488
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1489
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1490
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1491
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1492
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1493
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1494
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1495
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1496
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1497
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1498
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1499
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1500
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1501
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1502
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1503
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1504
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1505
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1506
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1507
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1508
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1509
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1510
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1511
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1512
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1513
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1514
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1515
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1516
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1517
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1518
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1519
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1520
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1521
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1522
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1523
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1524
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1525
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1526
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1527
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1528
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1529
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1530
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1531
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1532
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1533
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1534
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1535
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1536
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1537
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1538
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1539
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1540
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1541
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1542
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1543
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1544
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1545
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1546
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1547
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1548
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1549
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1550
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1551
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1552
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1553
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1554
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1555
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1556
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1557
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1558
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1559
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1560
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1561
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1562
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1563
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1564
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1565
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1566
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1567
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1568
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1569
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1570
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1571
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1572
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1573
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1574
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1575
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1576
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1577
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1578
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1579
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1580
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1581
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1582
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1583
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1584
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1585
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1586
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1587
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1588
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1589
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1590
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1591
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1592
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1593
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1594
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1595
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1596
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1597
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1598
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1599
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1600
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1601
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1602
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1603
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1604
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1605
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1606
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1607
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1608
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1609
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1610
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1611
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1612
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1613
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1614
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1615
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1616
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1617
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1618
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1619
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1620
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1621
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1622
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1623
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1624
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1625
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1626
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1627
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1628
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1629
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1630
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1631
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1632
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1633
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1634
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1635
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1636
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1637
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1638
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1639
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1640
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1641
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1642
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1643
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1644
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1645
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1646
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1647
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1648
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1649
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1650
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1651
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1652
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1653
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1654
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1655
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1656
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1657
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1658
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1659
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1660
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1661
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1662
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1663
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1664
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1665
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1666
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1667
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1668
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1669
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1670
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1671
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1672
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1673
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1674
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1675
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1676
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1677
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1678
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1679
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1680
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1681
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1682
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1683
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1684
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1685
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1686
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1687
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1688
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1689
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1690
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1691
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1692
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1693
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1694
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1695
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1696
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1697
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1698
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1699
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1700
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1701
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1702
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1703
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1704
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1705
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1706
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1707
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1708
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1709
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1710
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1711
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1712
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1713
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1714
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1715
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1716
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1717
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1718
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1719
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1720
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1721
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1722
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1723
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1724
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1725
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1726
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1727
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1728
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1729
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1730
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1731
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1732
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1733
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1734
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1735
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1736
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1737
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1738
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1739
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1740
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1741
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1742
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1743
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1744
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1745
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1746
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1747
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1748
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1749
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1750
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1751
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1752
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1753
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1754
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1755
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1756
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1757
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1758
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1759
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1760
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1761
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1762
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1763
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1764
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1765
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1766
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1767
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1768
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1769
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1770
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1771
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1772
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1773
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1774
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1775
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1776
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1777
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1778
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1779
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1780
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1781
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1782
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1783
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1784
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1785
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1786
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1787
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1788
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1789
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1790
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1791
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1792
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1793
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1794
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1795
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1796
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1797
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1798
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1799
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1800
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1801
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1802
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1803
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1804
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1805
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1806
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1807
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1808
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1809
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1810
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1811
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1812
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1813
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1814
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1815
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1816
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1817
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1818
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1819
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1820
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1821
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1822
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1823
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1824
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1825
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1826
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1827
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1828
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1829
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1830
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1831
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1832
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1833
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1834
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1835
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1836
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1837
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1838
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1839
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1840
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1841
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1842
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1843
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1844
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1845
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1846
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1847
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1848
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1849
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1850
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1851
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1852
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1853
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1854
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1855
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1856
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1857
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1858
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1859
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1860
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1861
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1862
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1863
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1864
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1865
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1866
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1867
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1868
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1869
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1870
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1871
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1872
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1873
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1874
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1875
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1876
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1877
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1878
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1879
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1880
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1881
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1882
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1883
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1884
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1885
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1886
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1887
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1888
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1889
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1890
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1891
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1892
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1893
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1894
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1895
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1896
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1897
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1898
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1899
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1900
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1901
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1902
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1903
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1904
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1905
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1906
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1907
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1908
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1909
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1910
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1911
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1912
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1913
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1914
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1915
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1916
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1917
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1918
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1919
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1920
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1921
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1922
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1923
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1924
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1925
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1926
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1927
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1928
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1929
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1930
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1931
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1932
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1933
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1934
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1935
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1936
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1937
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1938
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1939
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1940
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1941
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1942
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1943
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1944
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1945
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1946
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1947
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1948
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1949
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1950
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1951
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1952
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1953
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1954
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
1955
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
1956
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
1957
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
1958
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
1959
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
1960
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
1961
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
1962
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
1963
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
1964
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
1965
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
1966
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
1967
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
1968
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
1969
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
1970
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
1971
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
1972
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
1973
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
1974
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
1975
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
1976
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
1977
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
1978
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
1979
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
1980
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
1981
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
1982
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
1983
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
1984
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
1985
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
1986
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
1987
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
1988
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
1989
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
1990
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
1991
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
1992
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
1993
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
1994
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
1995
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
1996
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
1997
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
1998
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
1999
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
2000
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
2001
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
2002
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
2003
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
2004
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
2005
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
2006
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
2007
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
2008
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
2009
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
2010
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
2011
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
2012
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
2013
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
2014
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
2015
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
2016
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
2017
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
2018
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
2019
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
2020
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
2021
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
2022
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
2023
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
2024
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
2025
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
2026
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
2027
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
2028
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
2029
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
2030
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
2031
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
2032
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
2033
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
2034
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
2035
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
2036
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
2037
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
2038
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
2039
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic | - 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
2040
self
image and understanding of who one is | - meaning of self varies from culture to culture
2041
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals | - define ones identity in terms of personal traits
2042
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group - define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
2043
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions | - can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
2044
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins - this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
2045
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household - identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
2046
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children - adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street - the genetic influences on personality are strong
2047
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
2048
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
2049
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
2050
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
2051
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
2052
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts - in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
2053
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
2054
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals - this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
2055
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
2056
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want - when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun - when i want something i usually go all out to get it - i crave excitement and new sensations
2057
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit - i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me - if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up - i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important - i worry about making mistakes
2058
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
2059
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
2060
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
2061
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
2062
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
2063
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
2064
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies | - focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
2065
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
2066
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
2067
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
2068
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
2069
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression - fuelled by an energy called libido (biology)
2070
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do) (upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
2071
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego (uniquely personal awareness and will)
2072
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
2073
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
2074
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
2075
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself (blocking distressing things)
2076
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
2077
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
2078
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
2079
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
2080
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
2081
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
2082
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
2083
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage

Intro Psychology (6 decks)

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