chapter 12 Flashcards
personality
a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situation
personality psychology
the scientific study of (a) individual differences, and (b) how the various parts of a person come together as a whole
idiographic approach
creating detailed descriptions of a specific persons unique personality characteristics
idiographic approaches are helpful for
understanding yourself and social world
examining the full range of human experience
psychological portraits of public figures
criminal profiling
nomothetic approach
examines personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure
nomothetic approach wants to understand
what personality factors or traits are relevant to understanding people
whether a certain “type” of person is more likely to exhibit a certain behaviour pattern
the key to nomothetic research is to
identify the important personality traits that are related to whatever it is that you are interested in understanding
data sources: LOTS of data
Life outcome data
Observer reports
Test data
Self reports
traits summarize
a great deal of information about a person and help to predict how that person will behave across a range of situations
gordon allport
made the first systematic attempt to identify all possible traits was made in the 1930s. tallied nearly 18 000 english words that could be used to describe an individuals physical and psychological attributes
allports theory
developed a theory of personality structure by organizing these words into traits, launching a strong trend in personality psychology that continues to this day. attempting to identify and measure the key personality traits
self report data
the information a person reveals about her/himself in questionnaire or interviews
the barnum effect
when people are convinced that a personality profile describes them well. this can occur when the profile is patently false and was not generated to describe them at all
the barnum effect goes back to
the late 1940s when bertram forer gave research participants a personality test and then generated a personality description that subjects believed was based on their test responses. even though all participants were given exactly the same personality description
factor analysis
1) a statistical technique that examines correlation between variables to find clusters of related variables or factors. 2) in personality analysis, grouping items that people respond similarly
factor analysis is used to
group items that people respond to similarly
strengths and weaknesses of self reports
strength: individuals have access to a wealth of information about themselves
weakness: respondents must be honest - impression management - self deception
five factor model
a trait based theory of personality based on the finding that personality can be described using five major dimensions created by McCrae and Costa
personality traits help
summarize information and help predict behaviour
raymond cartell (1946)
used factor analysis to isolate 16 key personality traits
the five factor model dimensions (OCEAN)
openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness neuroticism
openness (high Os)
dreamers creative types open to new ideas, opinions, and perspectives curious abstract thinking aware of emotions
openness (low Os)
security in the known practice straightforward resistant to change suspicious of emotions rational logical
conscientiousness (high Os)
organizers efficient self disciplined dependable comfortable with schedules and lists more likely to engage in healthy behaviours
conscientiousness (low Cs)
easy going disorganized careless with details difficulty meeting deadlines not as stressed, enjoy themselves more
extraversion (high Es)
socializers sensation seekers comfortable in stimulating environments love others company assertive talkative enthusiastic
introverts (low Es)
quiet
overwhelmed by high levels of stimulation
more cautious
reserved
agreeableness (high As)
warm and friendly easy to like/be friends with kind/compassionate empathetic helpful
agreeableness (low As)
put themselves first authentic seem cold/unfriendly/unkind uncooperative less trusting
neuroticism (high Ns)
difficult to deal with
experience negative emotions
sensitive
most vulnerable to anxiety and depressive disorders
big five factors are useful for
understanding people’s behaviours, thoughts, and emotions, and predicting why people do the things they do
authoritarians were theorized to be (authoritarian personality)
rigid and dogmatic in their thinking. more likely to endorse and engage in prejudice and violence
HEXACO model of personality (Lee and Ashton)
a six factor theory that generally replicated the factors of the five factor model and adds one additional factor: honesty-humility
honesty-humility (high HHs)
sincere
honest
modest
pro social behaviour
honesty-humility (low HHs)
deceitful greedy selfish antisocial violent tendencies manipulative self importance
dark triad
three traits- machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism - that describe a person who is socially destructive, aggressive, dishonest, and likely to commit harm in general
machiavellianism
tendency to use people and to be manipulative
lacking respect of others
focusing on ones own self interest
psychopathy
shallow emotional responses
feel little empathy for others
thrill out of conflict, control, or harm to others
little remorse
narcissism
excessive sense of self importance
can be charming
put themselves first
right wing authoritarianism (RWA)
a problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain typos of violent or antisocial tendencies
RWA involves three key tendencies
- obeying orders and differing to the established authorities in a society
- supporting aggression against those who dissent or differ from the established social order
- believing strongly in main ring the existing social order
RWAs rend to hold
strong beliefs and are highly resistant to changing them. generally more prejudiced tending to negatively judge people who hold different perspectives from them. agree with unethical decisions made by leaders
sadism
heartless tendency to enjoy others suffering - appetite for cruelty
correlation between trolling and dark traits
strong connection (positive correlational) between trolling and dark personality traits
temperaments represent
an natural, biological foundation upon which personality is built
(they vary on characteristics such as activity level, mood, attention span, and distractibility)
infant temperament predicts
the adult personality traits of neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness
the more that people prac use being extroverted, open minded, conscientious, agreeable, or neurotic,
the more they train their brains to function in that manner
personality structures influence
patterns in the persons life and build networks in the persons brain in ways that reinforce themselves, leading personality to be quite stable over time
state
a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour
four general aspects of situations that are most likely to influence behaviour
locations (ex work, home)
associations (ex alone, with family)
activities (ex awake, studying)
subjective states (ex mad, sick, happy)
the behaviourist perspective
behaviourist would not me any identifiable patterns of behaviour and seek to understand how that behaviour was drawn out by specific environmental conditions
behaviourism
the behaviours you engage in are based on your past experiences of reinforcement and punishment
believes traits are just labels that explain the behaviour patterns
reciprocal determinism and the social cognitive approach
personality is a product of dynamic interactions between behaviour and reinforcement and importantly, the beliefs expectancies, and dispositions of the individual
person situation debate
questions of what her behaviour is caused more by personality or by situational factors
walter mischel (1968) argued
that personality traits do little to predict behaviour (r = 0.30 on average)
- behaviours may not transfer in diffeeent situations
albert banduras social- cognitive theory
personality develops out of the persons interaction with the environment
- ends up forming belifs about their relationship to the environment
- we shape the situations that we encounter
- we form beliefs about the likely consequences of our choices
social cognitive perspective brings together insights from
social psychology
cognitive psychology
learning theory
albert bandura central idea reciprocal determinism
behaviour, internal, and external factors interact to determine one another and our personalities are based on these interactions
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
WEIRD
western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic
- 96% of psychology studies are conducted on 12% of the earth of WEIRD people
self
image and understanding of who one is
- meaning of self varies from culture to culture
individualistic
prioritize ones own goals over group goals
- define ones identity in terms of personal traits
collectivist
prioritized the goals of ones group, of teen extended family or work group
- define ones identity in terms of relationships and group members
response styles
characteristic ways of responding to questions
- can be strongly influenced by cultural norms
big five personality traits of twins has shown that
identical twins show a stronger correlation for each personality traits than do after all twins
- this implies that the increased similarity in the personalities of identical twins is due to their shared genes
identical twins raised in different households are
as similar to each other as identical twins raised in the same household
- identical twins raised in the same household were more different from each other
personalities of adoptive parents gave no influence
on the personality characteristics of their adopted children
- adoptive siblings who are raised in the same household are no picked randomly off the street
- the genetic influences on personality are strong
evolutionary perspectives help us
understand why humans evolved the particular personality traits that we have
humourism
explained both physical illnesses and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in key fluids in the body
phrenology
the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the outer skull
arousal theory of extraversion
extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
plays a central role in controlling the arousal response
Eysenck’s idea
Eysenck initially proposed that extroverts have a lower resting baseline of activation of the ARAS than introverts
- in reality, introverts have a more reactive (or sensitive) ARAS
jeffery gray
approach model of motivation describes two major brain systems for processing rewards and punishments: the behavioural activation system and the behavioural inhibition system
behavioural activation system (BAS)
a “go” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals
- this system is responsive to rewards and fairly unresponsive to possible negative consequences
behavioural inhibition system (BIS)
a “danger” system, motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes
BAS correlations
- i go out of my way to get things i want
- when i’m doing well at something new if i think it will be fun
- when i want something i usually go all out to get it
- i crave excitement and new sensations
BIS
- criticism or scolding hurts me quite a bit
- i feel pretty worried or upset when i think or know somebody is angry at me
- if i think something unpleasant is going to happen i usually get pretty worked up
- i feel worried when i think i have done poorly at something important
- i worry about making mistakes
extraversion part of the brain
extroverts have a larger medial orbitofrontal cortex and show less activation in the amygdala
neuroticism part of the brain
neuroticism is associated with the size of various brain areas: smaller hippocampus, smaller dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, larger mid-cingulate gyrus
agreeableness part of the brain
agreeableness show less brain volume in an area called the left superior temporal sulcus
conscientiousness part of the brain
have larger brain volume in the middle frontal gyrus in the left prefrontal cortex
openness to experience part of the brain
have greater activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
sigmund freud (1865-1939)
austrian physician, neurologist, pioneer in the study of personality and the treatment of psychological disorders
psychodynamic theories of personality
conflicting psychological energies
- focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences
assumption of psychodynamic theories
that personality and behaviour are shaped by powerful forces in consciousness, a great deal of which is hidden from our awareness in the mysterious unconscious
conscious mind
your current awareness, containing everything you are aware of right now
unconscious mind
a vast and powerful but inaccessible part of your consciousness, operating without your conscious endorsement or will to influence and guide your behaviours
freudian slip
the conscious mind intends to say something appropriate to the circumstances but the unconscious mind leads them to say what they were “really thinking”
id
a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression
- fuelled by an energy called libido
(biology)
superego
is comprised of our values and moral standards (tells us what we ought to do)
(upbringing and sociocultural circumstances)
ego
the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego
(uniquely personal awareness and will)
psychodynamic approach
“personality” emerges from the interplay of the id, superego, and ego
anxiety plays a huge role in
psychodynamic and generates much of personality. anxiety is produced when the components (id, ego, superego) are imbalanced
defence mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
denial
refusing to acknowledge unpleasant information, particularly about oneself
(blocking distressing things)
displacement
transforming an unacceptable impulse into a less unacceptable or neutral behaviour (taking out your anger on someone else)
identification
unconsciously assuming the characteristics of a more powerful person in order to reduce feelings of anxiety or negative feelings about the self (coping a trend setting celebrity)
projection
perceiving in other people the qualities that you don’t want to admit to possessing yourself (seeing evil and aggression in someone else when you’re hurting them)
rationalization
attempting to hide ones true motives by providing what seems like a reasonable explanation for unacceptable feelings or behaviours
reaction formation
altering an impulse that one finds personally unacceptable into its opposite
repression
keeping distressing information out of conscious awareness by burying it in the unconscious
sublimation
transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable or even prosocial alternatives
fixation
becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular freudian stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate oneself and satisfy needs at that stage
