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Intro Psychology > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology definition

A

scientific study of behaviour, thought, and experience, and how they can be affected by physical, mental, social, and environmental factors.

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2
Q

psychology is concerned with

A

individual behaviour although some exceptions in social psychology

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3
Q

psychology is the behaviour

A

of ALL individuals

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4
Q

the biopsychosocial model

A

is a means of explaining behaviour as a product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

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5
Q

psychology spans a number of

A

different perspectives

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6
Q

biological perspective focus

A

Genes, brain anatomy and function, and evolution

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7
Q

biological perspective examples

A
  • genetics of behaviour and psychological disorders
  • brain-behaviour relationships
  • drug effects
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8
Q

psychological perspective focus

A

behaviour, perception, thought, and experience

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9
Q

psychological perspective examples

A
  • language
  • memory
  • decision making
  • personality
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10
Q

sociocultural perspective focus

A

interpersonal relationships, families, groups, societies, and ethnicities

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11
Q

sociocultural perspective examples

A
  • attraction
  • attitudes and stereotypes
  • conformity
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12
Q

developmental psychology

A

study how thought and behaviour change and remain stable across the life span

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13
Q

biological psychology

A

study of the underlying physiological mechanisms, including neurotransmissions, relating to the expression of thought and behaviour

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14
Q

personality psychology

A

study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in peoples behaviour across time and situations
and how different personality characteristics can influence how we think and act

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15
Q

social psychology

A

study of how a group influences behaviour of people or how one person can change people’s behaviour, also in workplaces

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16
Q

clinical psychology

A

study of the assessment and treatment of mental, emotional and behavioural disorders and the promotion of psychological health

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17
Q

defining behaviour

A

the observable actions by which an organism adjusts to its environment

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18
Q

the study of behaviour recognizes

A
  • the importance of the individual within broader context

- the role of mental processes in behaviour (the unobservable)

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19
Q

things to be aware of when studying behaviour

A
  • being aware of when you are making assumptions to what you actually see and hear
  • you can’t just look at someone and decide what’s going on
  • are you reacting to a situation or are you reacting to your interpretation
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20
Q

goals of psychology (what are psychologists trying to do?)

A
  • describing behaviour
  • explaining what happens (should be testable)
  • predicting what will happen (putting two and two together
  • controlling what happens (controlling what you do with items and testing
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21
Q

what is behavioural data?

A
    • the context of that behaviour, what lead up to the behaviour, why
  • reports of observations about behaviour and the conditions under which they occur
  • interpretation should be separate from simply describing data
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22
Q

measures of behavioural data must be

A

objective

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23
Q

every topic in psychology could be examined

A

from a biological, cognitive, or sociocultural perspective

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24
Q

the scientific method

A

is a way of learning about the world through collecting observations, developing theories to explain them, and using the theories to make predictions

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25
Q

the scientific method involves a dynamic interaction between

A

hypothesis testing and the construction of theories

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26
Q

hypothesis

A

a testable prediction about processes that can be observed and measured

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27
Q

a hypothesis can be-

a hypothesis cannot be-

A

supported or rejected

- cannot prove because a future experiment could show its wrong

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28
Q

for a hypothesis to be testable it must be falsifiable, meaning

A

the hypothesis is precise enough that it could be proven false

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29
Q

pseudoscience

A

an idea that is presented as science but does not actually utilize basic principles of scientific thinking or procedure

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30
Q

theories can be

A

supported or proved false with new evidence

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31
Q

critical thinking

A

Involves exercising curiosity and skepticism when evaluating the claims of others and with our own assumptions and beliefs

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32
Q

empiricism

A

a philosophical belief that knowledge comes through experience

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33
Q

determinism

A

the belief that all events are governed by lawful, cause and effect relationships

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34
Q

the ancient greeks believed

A

that four humours or fluid flowed throughout the body and influenced both health and personality

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35
Q

the four humours included

A

blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm

36
Q

blood (four humours) meant a tendency

A

to be impulsive, pleasure-seeking and charismatic

37
Q

yellow bile (four humours) meant a tendency

A

to be ambitious, energetic, and a bit aggressive

38
Q

black bile (four humours) meant a tendency

A

to be independent, perfectionistic, and a bit introverted

39
Q

phlegm (four humours) meant a tendency

A

to be quiet, relaxed, and content with life

40
Q

zeitgeist

A

refers to a general set of beliefs of a particular culture at a specific time in history

41
Q

materialism

A

the belief that humans, and other loving beings, are composed exclusively of physical matter

42
Q

dualism

A

belief that there are properties of humans that are not material (a mind or soul separate from the body)

43
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of the relationship between the physical world and the mental representation of that world
(relationship between physical and psychological worlds)

44
Q

darwin’s theory suggested that

A

behaviour is shaped by natural selection, just as physical traits are

45
Q

phrenology

A

the practice of examining bumps on a persons skull to determine that persons intellect and character traits.

46
Q

psychoanalysis

A

is a psychological approach that attempts to explain how behaviour and personality are influenced by unconscious processes

47
Q

1889

A

first canadian psychology laboratory established by james mark baldwin in toronto

48
Q

nature and nurture relationship

A

the inquiry into how heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) influence behaviour and mental processes

49
Q

who suggested the nature vs nurture

A

sir francis galton

50
Q

nature vs nurture

A

are we a product of our genetic make up or our environment?

51
Q

introspection meaning

A

“to look within”

52
Q

structuralism

A

attempt to analyze conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and to understand how these elements work together

53
Q

structuralism is concerned with

A

“what?”

54
Q

structuralism examines

A

the contents of the mind through introspection

55
Q

functionalism

A

the study of the purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience

56
Q

functionalism is concerned with

A

“why?” and “how?”

57
Q

functionalism examines

A

the function of thoughts and behaviours

58
Q

learning

A

a process by which behaviour or knowledge changes as a result of experience

59
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning that occurs when two stimuli are paired together and become associated with each other
explains how we learn involuntary actions

60
Q

what is classical conditioning associated with

A

ivan pavlov and his drooling dog

61
Q

classical

A

used for involuntary responses

62
Q

operant

A

used for voluntary responses

63
Q

behaviourist perspective

A

focus on observable behaviour that can be objectively recorded
- experience is what shapes a person

64
Q

watson believed

A

all behaviour could ultimately be explained through conditioning

65
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning that responses are associated with outcomes

your behaviour matters

66
Q

skinner view, known as radical behaviourism

A

the foundation of behaviour was how an organism responded to rewards and punishments

67
Q

theory

A

is usually a complex explanation based on findings from many experimental studies
and leads to new hypotheses

68
Q

humanistic psychology

A

focuses on the unique aspects of each individual human, each persons freedom to act, their rational thought, and the belief that humans are fundamentally different from other animals

69
Q

key figures in humanist perspective

A

carl rogers and abraham maslow

70
Q

humanist perspective emphasizes

A

the individuals inherent capacity for making rational choices for making rational choice and developing to their full potential

71
Q

humanist perspective focus

A

on self-actualization and a holistic approach and sought to understand the meaning of personal experience

72
Q

carl rogers and Abraham maslow focuses on

A

the post it ice aspects of humanity and the factors that lead to a productive and fulfilling life

73
Q

humanistic psychologists believed

A

people could attain mental well-being and satisfaction through gaining a greater understanding of themselves, rather than by being diagnosed with a disorder or having problems labelled

74
Q

hebbs law demonstrates

A

that memory is actually related to activity occurring at the cellular level

75
Q

gestalt psychology

A

an approach emphasizing that psychologists need to focus on the whole of perception and experience, rather than its parts

76
Q

gestalt is a german word that refers

A

to the complete form of an object

77
Q

gestalt psychology studied

A

“organized wholes” rather than individual components

eg. water is wet but neither H or O2 are “wet”. missing something in the combination when you break it down

78
Q

cognitive psychology

A

a modern psychological perspective that focuses on processes such as memory, thinking, and language

79
Q

cognitive perspective

A

human thought and knowledge in attending, thinking, remembering and understanding is important

80
Q

cognitive personality: envious is more than

A

stimulus and response

81
Q

cognitive perspective focus

A

on subjective reality and higher mental processes and how behaviour occurs

82
Q

social psychology

A

the study of the influence of other people on our behaviour

83
Q

functionalism focuses on

A

why the mind works the way it does rather than on individual elements that make consciousness

84
Q

cross cultural psychology

A

the field that draws comparisons about individual and group behaviour among cultures

85
Q

crops cultural psychology helps us understand f

A

the role of society in shaping behaviour, beliefs and values

86
Q

positive psychology

A

to help people see the good in their lives by promoting self acceptance and improving social relationships with others

Intro Psychology (6 decks)

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