Chapter 6 Flashcards
Natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and questioning of accepted beliefs
Scientific Revolution
Thought sun was in center of universe
Nicolaus Copernicus
Sun-centered
Heliocentric
17 YO who discovered four moons on the planet Jupiter
Galileo Galilei
Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
Scientific Method
Believed that by better understanding the world, scientists would generate practical knowledge that would improve people’s lives
Francis Bacon
Developed analytical geometry, which linked algebra and geometry
René Descartes
Helped bring Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo breakthroughs into 1 law of motion
Issac Newton
Concluded that certain mathematical laws govern planetary motion
Johannes Kepler
According to Ptolemy, what was earth’s position in the universe? How did Copernicus’s view differ? Which did Kepler’s observations support?
Earth was centered, Copernicus said that sun was centered, keplers observations supported Copernicus
What are four steps in the scientific method?
Make an observation, form hypothesis, experiment, analyze/interpret data
List four instruments that came into use during the Scientific Revolution. Identify the purpose of each one.
Microscope- observe bacteria
Mercury Barometer- measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather
Mercury Thermometer- showed water freezing at 32 degrees
Thermometer- showed water freezing at 0 degrees
Thinkers attempted to apply principles of reason and scientific method to all aspects of society
Enlightenment
People define and limit their individual rights
Social Contract
Believed people could learn from experience
John Locke
Life, liberty, and property
Natural Rights
Social critics in France
Philosophies
The most brilliant and influential philosophies
Voltaire
Concluded that Rome’s collapse was directly related to its loss of political liberties
Montesquieu
Division of power among branches
Separation of Powers
Committed to individual freedom
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Disagreed with Rousseau/ thought that women education shouldn’t be 2nd to men’s
Mary Wollstonecraft
How did the ideas of Hobbes and Locke differ?
Locke said that people could learn from experience and Hobbes said that people were sinful by nature
What did Montesquieu believe led to the fall of Rome? What did he admire about the government of Britain?
Loss of political liberties: admired the separation of Powers between 3 branches
How did the enlightenment lead to a more secular outlook?
People began to openly question religious beliefs and teaching of church and scientists then found these questions could be answered mathematically
Hostesses that had regular social gatherings
Salons
Grand, ornate style
Barcque
New classical
Neoclassical
Monarchs who embraced the new ideas and made reforms that reflected the enlightenment spirit
Enlightened Despots
Ruler most admired by philosophes
Catherine the Great
Name three developments in the arts during the enlightenment.
1) Neoclassical art emerged- a simple, elegant style based on ideas and themes of ancient Rome/Greece. 2) Classical music emerged- new, lighter, more elegant style of music 3) Novels emerged- lengthy works of prose fiction.
What’s sorts of reforms did the enlightened depots make? In what respects did their reforms fail?
1) Frederick II- He granted religious freedom, reduced censorship, and improved education but did nothing to end serfdom because he wanted the support of the Nobles. 2) Joseph II- introduced legal reforms and freedom of press, abolished serfdom. 3) Catherine the Great- tried to give religious tolerance/abolish torture but it wasn’t approved. Brought back serfdom
Based on john Locke and enlightenment
Declaration of Independence
Wrote Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
Each branch checking the other two
Checks and Balances
Power divided was divided between national and state governments
Federal System
10 amendments added to the constitution
Bill of Rights
Why did the Articles of Confederation result in a weak national government?
Power rested in the states and congress couldn’t pass any laws without approval of 9/13 states
How did the writers of the US Constitution out into practice the separation of Powers? A system of checks and balances?
Established 3 branches in which power was equally divided and these three branches could veto each other’s decisions
