Chapter 6

Question 1

The fate of a chemical reaction is determined by

Answer 1

Direction and rate

Question 2

First law of thermodynamics

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 2

Energy can’t be created or destroyed but it can be converted from one form to another

Energy interconversions involve an increase in entropy

Question 3

Free energy

Answer 3

The amount of energy available to do work or promote change

Question 4

Spontaneous/ exergonic reactions do what and have what kind of free energy change

Answer 4

Release free energy and have a negative free energy change

Question 5

Endergonic reactions have what kind of free energy change

Answer 5

Positive

Question 6

Chemical reactions proceed until

Answer 6

The rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants

Question 7

Exergonic reactions like the production of ATP are often

Answer 7

Couples to cellular processes that are endergonic

Question 8

What % of proteins bind to ATP

Answer 8

20

Question 9

EnZyme

Answer 9

A protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy (E a) needed to achieve a transition state

Question 10

Enzymes recognize ____________ with a high specificity

Answer 10

Reactant molecules also called substrates

Question 11

Confirmation changes cause substrates to

Answer 11

Bind more tightly to enzymes this is called induced fit

Question 12

Each enzyme catalyzes reaction exhibits a

Answer 12

Maximal velocity

Question 13

Km stands for

Answer 13

Substrate concentration when the velocity of the chemical reaction is half of the Maximal velocity value

Question 14

Competitive inhibitors raise the

Noncompetitive inhibitors lower the

Answer 14

Km for the substrate

Maximal velocity

Question 15

5 things that can affect enzyme function

Answer 15

Cofactors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, pH, and temperatures

Question 16

Prosthetic group

Answer 16

??

Question 17

Altman and colleagues discovered the RNA subunit, RNase P is a ________
And definition of that word

Answer 17

Ribozyme, which is an RNA molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction

Question 18

Metabolism is

Answer 18

The sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism

Question 19

Catabolic reactions def, 2 things they’re used for

Answer 19

Breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. 1. Recycles organic molecules to reuse as building blocks for new molecule 2.large molecules are broken down to make energy intermediates like ATP

Question 20

Redox reactions: definition and 1 thing they’re used for

Answer 20

Chemical reactions where electrons are transferred from one molecule to another.used to make energy intermediates like NADH

Question 21

Anabolic reactions require an input of

Answer 21

Energy to synthesize larger molecules and macromolecules

Question 22

Metabolic pathways are controlled by what 3 types of regulation

Answer 22

Genetic, cellular and biochemical

Question 23

Example of a biochemical regulation

Answer 23

Feed back inhibition * get definition

Question 24

Which enzyme is usually the target of cellular and biochemical regulation

Answer 24

The enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting pathway

Question 25

Proteins in eukaryotes and archae are degraded by

Answer 25

Proteasomes

Question 26

Lysosomes digest intracellular material through the process of

Answer 26

Atrophy

Question 27

Reactions that release free energy are

Answer 27

Spontaneous and exergonic

Question 28

Enzymes speed up reactions by

Answer 28

Lowering the activation energy necessary to initiate the reaction

Question 29

A cell is breaking down carbs but stops once protease is added. This tells us the reaction is

Answer 29

Catalyzed by an enzyme

Question 30

In biological systems, ATP functions by

Answer 30

providing the energy to drive endergonic reactions

Question 31

In a chemical reaction where NADH is converted to NAD+ + H+, we’d say the NADH has been

Answer 31

Oxidized

Question 32

Scientists identify the proteins that use ATP as an energy source by

Answer 32

Determining if the protein has a known ATP binding site.

Question 33

In a chemical reaction if the inhibitor raises the km but not the v max, the inhibitor is

Answer 33

A competitive inhibitor and binds to the active site of the enzyme

Question 34

Autophagy provided a way for cells to

Answer 34

Degrade entire organelles and recycle their components