Chapter 1

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

all species develop inherited variations that increase the individual’s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

Question 2

Biology

Answer 2

The scientific study of life

Question 3

5 unifying themes to help organize all the info you’ll learn while studying biology

Answer 3

Organization
Information
Energy & matter
Interactions
Evolution

Question 4

1-5 levels of biological organization

Answer 4

1. Biosphere- the entire portion of earth inhabited by life: the sum of all the planets ecosystems.
2. eco systems-All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact;one or more communities and the physical environment around them. Examples are forests, with all their animals and environments, or coral reef with its animals and bacteria and environment.
3. Communities-All the organisms that inhabit a particular ecosystem; in a forest it would be animals, trees, plants, mushrooms etc.
4. Populations- A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed producing fertile offspring. In a forest an example would be white tailed dears or maple trees.
5. Organisms-each indiviual living thing. Every deer, frog, human etc

Question 5

6-10 levels of biological organization

Answer 5

6. Organs and organ systems- a body part that carries out a particular function in the body.a maple leaf is an example.it takes in sunlight for photosynthesis
7. Tissues- A group of cells that work together to perform a specialized function.
8. Cells- life’s fundamental unit of structure and function. Some organisms are single cell others are multi cell.
9. Organelles- Any of the several membrane enclosed structures with specializes functions, suspended in the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells
10. Molecules- A chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

Question 6

Reductionism

Answer 6

A way to reduce complex systems into simpler components that are more manageable to study

Question 7

Emergent properties

Answer 7

New properties hat arise with each step upwards in the hierarchy of life,due to the arrangement of and interactions of parts as complexity increased

Question 8

Systems biology

Answer 8

research aimed at understanding how emergent properties arise,often applied to the study of cells. Excitement of systems biology recently is because there’s new experimental tools that let you study complex interactions at the molecular level.

Question 9

Cell

Answer 9

This is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life. In fact, the actions of organisms are all based on the functioning of cells. All cells share certain characteristics, such as being enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings. There are two main groups of cells; prokaryotic and eukaryotic.

Question 10

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 10

Contains membrane enclosed organelles and a membrane enclosed nucleus which contains dna. Protists, plants fungi, and animals are eukaryotes.

Question 11

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 11

A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Bacteria and archaea are single called microorganisms that are eukaryotic.

Question 12

Genes

Answer 12

A unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in dna ( or rna in some viruses)

Question 13

Nucleotide

Their names

Answer 13

The building block of nucleic acid, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups

Question 14

Gene expression

Answer 14

Information in DNA that directs the synthesis of proteins

Question 15

Genome

Answer 15

All of an organisms genetic material + its non coding nucleic acid sequence

Question 16

Genomics/ proteomics

Answer 16

The systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other dna) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species

Systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications and interactions

Question 17

Proteome

Answer 17

All the proteins expressed by a cell

Question 18

Bioinformatics

Answer 18

The use of computers, software and mathematics models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets

Question 19

Producers/consumers

Answer 19

An organism that produces organic compounds from co2 by harnessing light energy(photosynthesis) or by oxidizing inorganic materials ( in chemosynthetic reactions carried out by some prokaryotes)

Question 20

Mutually beneficial/ beneficial for one/harmful for both

Answer 20

Pg8

Question 21

Feedback regulation

Answer 21

We negative feedback vs positive

Question 22

Species

Answer 22

A population whose members can breed to produce fertile offspring

Question 23

Taxonomy

Answer 23

Domains: bacteria, arachaea, Eukarya

Eukarya has 4 kingdoms: protista, plantae, fungi, anamilia

Question 24

Bacteria/archae

Answer 24

Prokaryotic cells with simple structures and no membrane bound nucleus or organelles

Question 25

Eukarya

Answer 25

The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms

Question 26

Theory of natural selection

Answer 26

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of Those traits.

Question 27

Observation/ data: quantitative vs qualitative

Answer 27

As

Question 28

Inductive reasoning

Answer 28

Type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations

Question 29

Hypothesis

Answer 29

A tentative answer to a well framed question that attempts to explain a set of observations. Must lead to predictions that can be tested

Question 30

Experiment

Answer 30

Manipulation of one factor in order to see the effects of changing it. The factor that is manipulated and the effects that are measured are experimental variables.

Question 31

Deductive reasoning

Answer 31

Logic that flows from the general to the specific. In the scientific process, deductions usually take the form of predictions of results that will be found if a particular hypothesis is correct. If.. Then logic. With the battery example it would be of the dead battery hypothesis is correct, then the flashlight should work if you replace the batteries.

Question 32

Variables

Answer 32

Factors that vary in an experiment

Question 33

Controlled experiment

Answer 33

experiment that compares experimental group(the non camouflaged mice introduced to the beach habitat) with control group, the camouflaged nice that normally reside there. Ideally the experimental and control group only differ in what’s being tested

Question 34

Independent variable

Answer 34

A variable thats manipulated or changed during an experiment to see if it will effect the dependent variable

Mouse color being manipulated is the independent variable in this situation.

Question 35

Dependent variable

Answer 35

Variable that you try to influenced by changing the independent variable.
. ( the amount of predation in mouse experiment)

Question 36

Theory

Answer 36

Broad in scope, generates new hypothesises, and is supported by a large body of work.

Question 37

Model organism

Answer 37

The

Question 38

Technology

Answer 38

Consists of any method or device that applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose that affects society.