Chapter 1 Flashcards
Evolution
all species develop inherited variations that increase the individual’s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.
Biology
The scientific study of life
5 unifying themes to help organize all the info you’ll learn while studying biology
Organization Information Energy & matter Interactions Evolution
1-5 levels of biological organization
- Biosphere- the entire portion of earth inhabited by life: the sum of all the planets ecosystems.
- eco systems-All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact;one or more communities and the physical environment around them. Examples are forests, with all their animals and environments, or coral reef with its animals and bacteria and environment.
- Communities-All the organisms that inhabit a particular ecosystem; in a forest it would be animals, trees, plants, mushrooms etc.
- Populations- A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed producing fertile offspring. In a forest an example would be white tailed dears or maple trees.
- Organisms-each indiviual living thing. Every deer, frog, human etc
6-10 levels of biological organization
- Organs and organ systems- a body part that carries out a particular function in the body.a maple leaf is an example.it takes in sunlight for photosynthesis
- Tissues- A group of cells that work together to perform a specialized function.
- Cells- life’s fundamental unit of structure and function. Some organisms are single cell others are multi cell.
- Organelles- Any of the several membrane enclosed structures with specializes functions, suspended in the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells
- Molecules- A chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms
Reductionism
A way to reduce complex systems into simpler components that are more manageable to study
Emergent properties
New properties hat arise with each step upwards in the hierarchy of life,due to the arrangement of and interactions of parts as complexity increased
Systems biology
research aimed at understanding how emergent properties arise,often applied to the study of cells. Excitement of systems biology recently is because there’s new experimental tools that let you study complex interactions at the molecular level.
Cell
This is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life. In fact, the actions of organisms are all based on the functioning of cells. All cells share certain characteristics, such as being enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings. There are two main groups of cells; prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Eukaryotic cell
Contains membrane enclosed organelles and a membrane enclosed nucleus which contains dna. Protists, plants fungi, and animals are eukaryotes.
Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Bacteria and archaea are single called microorganisms that are eukaryotic.
Genes
A unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in dna ( or rna in some viruses)
Nucleotide
Their names
The building block of nucleic acid, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups
Gene expression
Information in DNA that directs the synthesis of proteins
Genome
All of an organisms genetic material + its non coding nucleic acid sequence
Genomics/ proteomics
The systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other dna) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species
Systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications and interactions
Proteome
All the proteins expressed by a cell
Bioinformatics
The use of computers, software and mathematics models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets
Producers/consumers
An organism that produces organic compounds from co2 by harnessing light energy(photosynthesis) or by oxidizing inorganic materials ( in chemosynthetic reactions carried out by some prokaryotes)
Mutually beneficial/ beneficial for one/harmful for both
Pg8
Feedback regulation
We negative feedback vs positive
Species
A population whose members can breed to produce fertile offspring
Taxonomy
Domains: bacteria, arachaea, Eukarya
Eukarya has 4 kingdoms: protista, plantae, fungi, anamilia
Bacteria/archae
Prokaryotic cells with simple structures and no membrane bound nucleus or organelles
Eukarya
The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms
Theory of natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of Those traits.
Observation/ data: quantitative vs qualitative
As
Inductive reasoning
Type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations
Hypothesis
A tentative answer to a well framed question that attempts to explain a set of observations. Must lead to predictions that can be tested
Experiment
Manipulation of one factor in order to see the effects of changing it. The factor that is manipulated and the effects that are measured are experimental variables.
Deductive reasoning
Logic that flows from the general to the specific. In the scientific process, deductions usually take the form of predictions of results that will be found if a particular hypothesis is correct. If.. Then logic. With the battery example it would be of the dead battery hypothesis is correct, then the flashlight should work if you replace the batteries.
Variables
Factors that vary in an experiment
Controlled experiment
experiment that compares experimental group(the non camouflaged mice introduced to the beach habitat) with control group, the camouflaged nice that normally reside there. Ideally the experimental and control group only differ in what’s being tested
Independent variable
A variable thats manipulated or changed during an experiment to see if it will effect the dependent variable
Mouse color being manipulated is the independent variable in this situation.
Dependent variable
Variable that you try to influenced by changing the independent variable.
. ( the amount of predation in mouse experiment)
Theory
Broad in scope, generates new hypothesises, and is supported by a large body of work.
Model organism
The
Technology
Consists of any method or device that applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose that affects society.
