Chapter 15

Question 1

Human body has how many cells

Answer 1

10-50 trillion

Question 2

Mitosis ensures 2 daughter cells

Answer 2

Receive the same amount of genetic material as the mother cell that produced them

Question 3

Meiosis is when

Answer 3

A diploid cell produces a daughter cell that has a single set of chromosomes(haploid)

Question 4

The cell cycle is defined as

Answer 4

The series of events that lead to cell division

Question 5

Bacterial cells produce most cells via

Answer 5

Binary fisson

Question 6

Cytogenetics

Answer 6

Field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination OF chromosomes

Question 7

Karyotype

What have they let scientists discover about eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 7

A photograph of chromosomes

That they occur in sets & that each set has 23 different chromosomes

Question 8

Chromosomes are labeled by

Answer 8

Their size, with the largest ones having the lowest number

Question 9

Sex chromosomes are designated by what instead of numbers.
Females=
Makes=

Answer 9

X or Y
XX
YY

Question 10

Autosome, how many do we have?

Answer 10

Any chromosome that’s not a sex chromosome. We have 22 different autosomes

Question 11

Most eukaryotic cells have ______ sets of chromosomes with ______ different chromosomes in each set for a total of ______ chromosomes per cell

Answer 11

2,23,46 per cell

Question 12

Why do we have two sets of chromosomes

Answer 12

So we can inherit one set from

Mum and one from dad

Question 13

Gametes are also called the ______ &_____ cells. They are ____ which means they have. ____ set of chromosome S

Answer 13

The sex cells, haploid , 1 set of chromosomes

Question 14

In diploid cells the members of the pair of chromosomes are called —–. Which refers to ——- due to ——

Answer 14

Homologs.similarities due to common ancestry

Question 15

Pairs of homologous chromosomes are evolutionarily derived from ——— so there are many similarities but they’re not identical due to ————

Answer 15

The same chromosomes, identical due to genetic changes over generations

Question 16

Because each homologs is recieved from each parent, the 2 homologs might

Answer 16

Vary in the way that a gene affects a trait

Question 17

Sequence of bases on one homolog differs from the other —–% of the time . So the DNA sequence on chromosome 1 that you got from mum is ——% likely to be——//

Answer 17

1%, 99% likely to be the same as the DNA sequence you got from dad

Question 18

The slight difference in DNA sequence provide variation in

Answer 18

Gene function

Question 19

A cell with 3 pairs of chromosomes is a —– and has

Answer 19

Diploid and has 3 chromosomes per set

Question 20

Interphase account for what 3 stages?

Answer 20

G2, S, G2

Question 21

Why would a cell leave the cell cycle and go into G zero phase

Answer 21

As an alternative to continuing through g1, it does this to postpone division, or in the case of terminally ill differentiated cells it does it because the cell is done dividing forever

Question 22

G1 phase decides what
Depending on what
If it does decide to move forward it will

Answer 22

If the cell should divide, depending on cell environment and presence or lack of signaling molecules,make molecular changes to help progress through cell cycle

Question 23

S phase
G1 has how many chromosomes
S phase has how many pairs of chromatids

Answer 23

Each chromosome is replicated to form a pair of sister chromatids 46,46

dna is synthesized

Question 24

G 2 phase

Answer 24

Cell synthesizes the proteins necessary for chromosome sorting and cell division

Question 25

M phase/ mitosis

Answer 25

Each cell nucleus is divided into 2 nuclei. The duplicated chromosomes are distributed so thy each new cell has the same complement of chromosomes

Question 26

Cytokinesis

Answer 26

Usually follows mitosis, it’s the division of the cytoplasm to form 2 distinct daughter cells

Question 27

Longest cycle to shortest cycle

Answer 27

G1, S phase, G2, m

Question 28

Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases are proteins responsible for what

Answer 28

Advancing a celll through the phases of the cell cycle. Kinases must bind to cyclins to be active

Question 29

cyclins do what

Answer 29

Increases due to sufficient nutrients and growth factors. Binding to a CDK makes it Active and then it acts like a protein kinases&phosphorylatss proteins needed to advance cell cycle

Question 30

There are 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle of eukaryotes in which proteins —-

Answer 30

Sense if the cells are in the proper condition to divide

Question 31

G1 checkpoint; restriction point

Answer 31

Determines if conditions are good for division and check if the DNA is damaged. If damage is present proteins prevent formation of active cyclin/CDK complexes

Question 32

G2 checkpoint

Answer 32

Checks for DNA damage again and checks that all the DNA has replicated

Question 33

Metaphase checkpoint

Answer 33

Senses integrity of spindle apparatus and makes sure all chromosomes are attached to the spindle, which ensures chromosomes will stay correctly sorted during division

Question 34

MPF

Answer 34

MaturTiok promoting factor, made of mitotic cyclin and a CDK

Question 35

Mitotic cell division

Answer 35

When a cell divides to make 3 new indentical cells. Involves mitosis which divides nucleus into two nucli and involves cytokinesis, cytoplasm division

Question 36

Mitotic cell division is important for —-/ which is a process where —— —— off spring are produced from. Unicellular organisms like —– and —– reproduce this way

Answer 36

A sexual reproduction, genetically identical , a single parent.bakers yeast and Amoeba

Question 37

In preparation for cell division eukaryotic chromosomes are ——- and —— to —— —– called —- —-

Answer 37

Replicated and compacted, to produce pairs called sister chromatids

Question 38

Sister chromatids are associated at a regional called the

Answer 38

Centromere

Question 39

Centromeres serve as an —-/ —- for a group of —– that form the —–, which is essential for —–

Answer 39

Attachment site/ proteins/ kinetchore/ sorting each chromosome

Question 40

The mitotic spindle is responsible for

Answer 40

Organizing and sorting the chromosomes during cell division

Question 41

The mitotic spindle is made of

Answer 41

Microtubules, protein fibers that are components of the cytoskeleton in animals microtubules growth and organization starts at each centromere b

Question 42

The central one in some Animal cells has ——// which are each made of

Answer 42

A pair of centrioles, 9 sets of triplet microtubules

Question 43

Centrosomes make microtubules

Answer 43

By rapidly polymerizing tumbling proteins

Question 44

Diploid

Haploid

Answer 44

2 homologous sets of chromosomes

Contains a single set of chromosomes