Chapter 4

Question 1

Cell biology
Definition
What people in this field aim to do

Answer 1

The study of individual cells and their interactions with eachother. People in this field want to learn about cells and apply that knowledge to treating diseases like cancer and cystic fibrosis

Question 2

Cell theory
Credited to with contributions from
Has 3 parts

Answer 2

Schleiden and schwann with contributions from Virchow
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life 3. Times new cells come from pre existing cells by division

Question 3

Microscope

Answer 3

Magnification tool that allows researches to see the structure and inner workings of cells

Question 4

Micrograph

Answer 4

An image taken with the aid of a microscope

Question 5

Robert Hooke

Answer 5

In 1655 studied cork under a compound microscope and observed cell walls and coined the word cell ( from cellula meaning small compartment)

Question 6

Resolution

Answer 6

Measures clarity of an image. Microscope with good resolution allows a researcher to distinguish two adjacent chromosomes as two different objects

Question 7

Magnification

And an example of it

Answer 7

Ratio between size of the image produced by the microscope and its actual size.

Exp if the image size is 100 times larger than its actual size, the magnification is 100x

Question 8

Light microscope

Electron microscope
Who invented electron

Answer 8

Microscope that uses light for illumination

Uses a bean of electrons for illumination. Invented by max knoll and Ernst risks

Question 9

Cell structure is determined by 4 factors

Answer 9

1. Matter- is made of atoms molecules and macromolecules
2. Energy- needed to produce molecules and macromolecules
3. Organization- molecules and macromolecules are found at specific sites
4. Information- cell structure needs instructions these are found in DNA

Question 10

Genome

Answer 10

The complete genetic composition of a cell or species. Every species has a distinct genome and every cell has a copy of the genome

Question 11

Genes

Answer 11

Found in the genome, genes contain the information to produce certain proteins with particular structures and functions. Those proteins in turn are mostly responsible for determining that cells structure and function

Question 12

Prokaryotic cell
Definition
Examples

Answer 12

Have a simple structure and lack a membrane enclosed nucleus.

Bacteria and archaea both have prokaryotic cells and they’re both small( I micrometer-10micrometers in diameter)archaea are less common and usually found in extreme temps like hot springs and deep sea vents

Some bacteria are pathenogenic and cause disease

Question 13

Plasma membrane

Answer 13

A double layer of phospholipids and embedded proteins provide a barrier between the cell and the external environment

Question 14

Cytoplasm

Answer 14

The part of the cell contained inside the plasma membrane. The cells nucleoid resides there, the place where genetic material is kept in prokaryotic cells

Question 15

Ribosomes

What they do what they look like

Answer 15

Involved in poly peptide synthesis

Question 16

Cell wall
Definition/ purpose
Description
What it’s made of

Answer 16

Nearly all bacteria and archaea have a rigid cell wall that supports and protects the plasma membrane and cytoplasm.

it is porous allowing nutrients to reach the plasma membrane

usually made of peptides and carbs

Question 17

Glycocalyx

Answer 17

A thick sticky material that sor rounds the outer bacteria body. It helps trap water so the bacteria doesn’t dry out

Question 18

Capsule

Answer 18

A very thick gelatinous glycocalyx that some bacteria produce when they enter animal and human bodies to help them avoid being killed by immune systems and helps them attach to cell surfaces. A

Question 19

Pili

Answer 19

Tiny hairs on the outside of bacteria that helps them attach to cells

Question 20

Flagella

Answer 20

Tail like hairs that help prokaryotic cells move( aka gives them motility)

Question 21

Eukaryotes

Answer 21

All organisms besides bacteria and archaea including fungi plant animals and protists

Question 22

Protists

Answer 22

Single called organisms like algae and paramecium

Question 23

Organelle

Answer 23

A membrane bound compartment with its own unique structure and function.

Question 24

Nucleus

Answer 24

An organelle found in eukaryotes that stores most of the DNA

Question 25

Compartmentalizations

Answer 25

Eukaryotes have many membrane bound organelles that speedster the cell into many regions. This allows a cell to do special chemical reactions in different places

Question 26

Structures found in plant cells but not animal cells

There’s 3

Answer 26

1. Chloroplast- site of photosynthesis
2. central vacuole- watery area that provides storage and regulates cell volume
3. cell wall- provides the cell with support

Question 27

A cells characteristics are largely determined by

Answer 27

The proteins that cell makes

Question 28

Multicellular

Answer 28

Plants and animals are both multicellular, it means they’re made up of many cells

Question 29

Proteome

Answer 29

The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue or organism at any given time

Question 30

Most genes…

Answer 30

Give instructions for the production of polypeptides- which end up assembling into functional proteins

Question 31

What is largely responsible for determining the characteristics of a cell

Answer 31

The set of proteins it makes

Question 32

Two cells can have identical genes but very different structure and organization and protein composition
4 reasons why

Answer 32

1. proteins found in one cell may not be produced in a different cell.
2. They might produce the same proteins but in different amounts ( due to gene regulation and rate of synthesization and degradation.)
3. Amino acid sequences of particular proteins may vary ( due to SPLICING!)
4. Different cells alter their proteins in different ways( for example covalent bonding)

Question 33

What is largely responsible for traits such as eye color?

Disease

Answer 33

Proteomes

Proteome change and disease are linked; the proteomes of a healthy and a cancerous lung are different

Question 34

Why are most cells small

Answer 34

They rely on plasma membrane to import nutrients and export waste. The rate of transport is limited by the membranes surface area. As the radius of the cell gets bigger, the surface area to volume ratio gets smaller

Question 35

Cytosol

Answer 35

The watery area inside the plasma membrane where the organelles reside.

Question 36

Metabolism

Answer 36

The reactions that allow cells to utilize the energy necessary to sustain life
Cytosol is a central coordinating region for many metabolic activities

Question 37

The metabolic pathway

Answer 37

A number of steps involved in metabolism. Each step is catalyzes by a specific enzyme

Question 38

Enzyme

Answer 38

A protein that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction

Question 39

Catabolism

And the pathway related to it

Answer 39

The breaking down of molecules into smaller components. This happens in one pathway of the metabolic process. The pathways where this happens are needed to utilize energy and to generate molecules that will provide building blocks to make macro molecules

Question 40

Anabolism

And exp of it

Answer 40

The synthesis of molecules and macromolecules

For example polysaccharides are made by linking sugars

Question 41

Cytoskeleton is a network of 3 types of protein filaments: #1
Description/ what it's made of
Interesting thing it can do
Where it's located in animal cells
And protists and plant cells

Answer 41

1. Microtubules- long hollow cylinder structures made of protein subunits called X and B Tubulin. They can switch from growing and shortening phases(dynamic instability) in non dividing animal cells the microtubule area is near the nucleus and it’s called the CENTROSOME(which has centrioles in it) most plant cells and protists don’t have this so instead microtubules are made at many sites throughout the cell.

Question 42

Cytoskeleton is a network of 3 types of protein filaments: #2

Answer 42

Intermediate filaments. Maintain cell shape and rigidity. Smaller than microtubules. They bind to eachother In a staggered way that makes a twisted rope structure. Their size is permament, the other two can grow or shrink

Question 43

Cytoskeleton is a network of 3 types of protein filaments: #3

Answer 43

Actin filaments aka microfilms to. Dispersed through Cytosol but tend to be near plasma membrane