Chapter 6

Question 1

proprioception

Answer 1

the perception of limb, body, and head movement characteristics;

afferent neural pathways

aka kinesthesis

Question 2

muscle spindles

Answer 2

proprioceptor;

specialized muscle fibers w/in most skeletal muscles;

detect changes in muscle length (stretch) and velocity (speed of stretch)

Question 3

Golgi-tendon organs (GTOs)

Answer 3

proprioceptor;

in skeletal muscle near tendon insertion into the muscle;

detect changes in muscle tension or foce

Question 4

joint receptors

Answer 4

collection of various types of proprioceptors located in the joint capsule and ligaments;

they detect changes in joint movement at the extreme limits of movement and position

Question 5

deafferentation

Answer 5

procedure that researchers use to make proprioceptive feedback unavailable (surgical severing or removing afferent neural pathways);

can result from injury, surgery, disease to afferent neural pathways involved in proprioception

Question 6

cornea

Answer 6

clear surface that covers the front of the eye; it serves as an important part of the eye’s optical system

Question 7

pupil

Answer 7

opening in the eye that lets in light; its diameter increases and decreases according to the amount of light detected by the eye

Question 8

iris

Answer 8

eye structure that surrounds the pupil and provides the eye its color

Question 9

lens

Answer 9

the transparent eye structure that sits just behind the iris; allows the eye to focus at various distances

Question 10

retina

Answer 10

lines back wall of the eyes

extension of the brain - contains neuroreceptors that transmit visual info to the bain

Question 11

rods

Answer 11

type of photoreceptors in the retina; detects low levels of light and are important for peripheral vision

Question 12

cones

Answer 12

type of photoreceptors in the retina;

detect bright light and play critical roles in central vision, visual acuity, and color vision

Question 13

optic nerve

Answer 13

CN2

transmits info from retina to the brain

Question 14

optic chiasm

Answer 14

near the base of the brain where the optic nerve fibers meet and either continue to the same side or cross over to the opposite side of the brain

Question 15

visual field

Answer 15

the image or scene being viewed;

typically extends 200 degrees horizontally and 160 degrees vertically

Question 16

central vision

Answer 16

middle 2-5 degrees of the visual field;

aka foveal vision

Question 17

peripheral vision

Answer 17

visual field outside the central vision

Question 18

optical flow

Answer 18

patterns of rays of light that strike the retina of the eye that emanate from and are specific to objects and features in the environment

Question 19

research shows tactical sensory info influences movement through: (5)

Answer 19

accuracy
consistency
timing 
force adjustments
movement distance

Question 20

fx of muscle spindle

Answer 20

feedback mechanism to CNS to maintain intended limb movement position, direction, and velocity

Question 21

research shows proprioception influences

Answer 21

movement accuracy, target accuracy, spatial and temporal accuracy, timing of onset of motor commands, coordination, postural control, spatial-temporal coupling between limbs

Question 22

vision for perception

Answer 22

visual stream

for fine analysis of a scene (form, features)

typically available to consciousness

Question 23

vision for action

Answer 23

dorsal stream

for detecting spatial characteristics of a scene and guiding movement

typically not available to consciousness