Chapter 1 - Classification of Motor Skills

Question 1

Motor skills

Answer 1

activities or tasks that require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments to achieve a goal

Question 2

motor learning

Answer 2

the acquisition of motor skills, the performance enhancement of learned or highly experienced motor skills, or the reacquisition of skills that are difficult to perform or cannot be performed because of injury, disease, and the like.

particular behavioral and neurological changes that occur as one learns a motor skill and the variables that influence those changes

Question 3

Motor control

Answer 3

how the neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill. Researchers may investigate this question while person is learning a new skill or performing a well learning highly experienced skill

Question 4

motor development

Answer 4

human development from infancy to old age with specific interest in issues related to either motor learning or motor control

Question 5

motor skill performance is influenced by 3 things

Answer 5

motor skill

performance environment

physical/psychological characteristics of the person performing the skill

Question 6

research at the behavioral level looks at…

Answer 6

how human behavior is affected by characteristics or influences

Question 7

research at a neurophysiological level looks at

Answer 7

directly or indirectly observe central and peripheral nervous system components as they interact with muscles involved in performing a motor skill

Question 8

skill

Answer 8

1. ) an activity or task that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve
2. ) an indicator of quality of performance

Question 9

3 ways to classify skillfullness

Answer 9

consistency

achievement under different conditions

degree of efficiency

Question 10

actions

Answer 10

synonymous and interchangeable with the term motor skills

Question 11

movements

Answer 11

specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments used to accomplish action goals

Question 12

characteristics of motor skills

Answer 12

goal to achieve

performed voluntarily

requires movement of joints and body segments

learned or relearned

Question 13

many - to- one

Answer 13

many movements can accomplish the same action goal

Question 14

one to many

Answer 14

one movement pattern can achieve many different action goals

Question 15

neurometer processes

Answer 15

mechanisms within the CNS and PNS and muscular system the underlie the control of movements and actions

cannot be directly observed

Question 16

why consider movements and skills and neurometer process different?

Answer 16

1. ) people learn actions especially when they begin to learn or relearn motor skills
2. ) people adapt movement characteristics to achieve a common action goal
3. ) people evaluate motor skill performance,movements, and neuromotor processes with different types of measures

Question 17

gross motor skills

Answer 17

large muscle movement

Question 18

fine motor skills

Answer 18

small muscle movements

Question 19

continuous motor skills

Answer 19

arbitrary beginning and end of the action; repetitive movements

Question 20

discrete motor skills

Answer 20

specified beginning and end of the action; single movement

Question 21

serial motor skills

Answer 21

continuous series of discrete movements

Question 22

open motor skills

Answer 22

supporting surface, objects, and/or other people in motion

Question 23

closed motor skills

Answer 23

supporting surface, objects and/or people stationary

Question 24

Gentile’s 2-dimensions taxonomy

Answer 24

1. ) the environmental context in which the person performs the skill
2. ) function of the action of characterizing the skill

Question 25

taxonomy

Answer 25

classification system the tis organized according to relationships among the component characteristics of whatever is being classified.

Question 26

Environmental Context has 2 charactersitics

Answer 26

regulatory conditions
and
Intertrial variability

Question 27

regulatory conditions

Answer 27

features of the environmental context to which movements must conform if they are to achieve the action goal

these conditions can be stationary or in motion

Question 28

Intertrial variability

Answer 28

whether the regulatory conditions during performance are the same or different from one attempt to perform the skill to another

this is either absent or present

Question 29

non-regulatory conditions

Answer 29

features of the environmental context that have no influence or only an indirect influence on movement characteristics

Question 30

Function of the Action

Answer 30

2nd dimension of Gentile’s Taxonomy

2 parts: body orientation and manipulation

Question 31

body orientation

Answer 31

changing or maintaining of body location

Question 32

body orientation characteristics

Answer 32

body stability

body transport

Question 33

body stability

Answer 33

skills that involve no change in body location during performance

Question 34

body transport

Answer 34

require movement from one location to another

can be active or passive

Question 35

Object Manipulation

Answer 35

maintaining or changing the position of an object

holding or using an object

Question 36

applying the taxononmy

Answer 36

evaluate a learner’s movement capabilities and limitations

selecting a progression of functionally appropriate activities

charting the individual progress

Question 37

3 dimensions of classifying skill

Answer 37

• size of primary musculature (gross/fine)
• specificity of action begins and end (continuous vs discrete)
• stability of environmental context (open vs closed)

Question 38

stability of the environmental context

Answer 38

physical location or setting in which a skill is performed

i.e. surface, objects, other people

Question 39

taxonomy of tasks (4)

Answer 39

closed tasks
variable motion tasks
open tasks
consistent motion tasks