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Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

election

A

a formal and organized process of electing or being elected, especially of members of a political body.

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2
Q

By- Election

A

also known as a special election, is an election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between general elections.

Usually, a by-election occurs when the incumbent has died or resigned

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3
Q

representation by population

A

a method by which seats are allocated in the House of Commons in such a way as to vary with population. The higher the population of a province, the larger the number of seats allocated to that province will be

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4
Q

redistribution

A

Any process, such as inflation or taxation or the provision of social services, that reallocates household income.

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5
Q

first-past-the-post system

A

The winner does not necessarily have to win a majority of the votes cast; he
or she simply has to win more votes than any of the other candidates

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6
Q

proportional representation

A

parties
would gain seats by the proportion of votes they received in a large electoral
district rather than having a single party win a riding by simple majority

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7
Q

single transferable vote

A

an electoral
system in which parties gain seats by the
proportion of votes won in large electoral
districts

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8
Q

ballot

A

a device used to cast votes in an election, and may be a piece of paper or a small ball used in secret voting

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9
Q

voter participation

A

the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election.After increasing for many decades, there has been a trend of decreasing voter turnout in most established democracies since the 1960

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10
Q

Election Expenses Act

A

electoral campaign expense of a candidate as an expense reasonably incurred as an incidence of the election. There are three categories of electoral campaign expenses

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11
Q

dropping the writ

A

he informal term for a procedure in some parliamentary government systems, where the head of government (that is the prime minister, premier or chief minister, as the case may be) goes to the head of state and formally advises him or her to dissolve parliament.

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12
Q

dissolution of Parliament

A

Dissolution (the act of dissolving) happens when: the Government’s fixed four-year term is complete. the Government loses a vote on certain important bills – on the budget, for example – in the House of Commons

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13
Q

election campaign

A

political campaign is an organized effort which seeks to influence the decision making process within a specific group. In democracies, political campaigns often refer to electoral campaigns, wherein representatives are chosen or referendums are decided.

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14
Q

enumeration

A

a complete, ordered listing of all the items in a collection. The term is commonly used in mathematics and theoretical computer science (as well as applied computer science) to refer to a listing of all of the elements of a set.

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15
Q

candidates

A

he prospective recipient of an award or honor, or a person seeking or being considered for some kind of position

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16
Q

nomination meeting

A

The act or an instance of appointing a person to office

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17
Q

public opinion polls

A

Polling companies contact people from a statistical crosssection
of the population that represents the views and opinions of voters.

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18
Q

tabulation

A

to put or arrange in a tabular, systematic, or condensed form; formulate tabularly.

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19
Q

voters list

A

a list of names and addresses of eligible voters for an upcoming election or referendum.

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20
Q

Scrutineer

A

a person appointed by a political party to observe the casting and counting of ballots. being a scrutineer offers the unique opportunity to explore and learn about our fragile democratic process. This article will cover the process as it is conducted in Canada.

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21
Q

Polling station

A

They are the

places where citizens in a riding cast their ballots on election day.

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22
Q

majority government

A

a government formed by a governing party that has an absolute majority of seats in the legislature or parliament in a parliamentary system.

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23
Q

minority government

A

is a cabinet formed in a parliamentary system when a political party or coalition of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the parliament.

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24
Q

coalition government

A

a cabinet of a parliamentary government in which several political parties cooperate, reducing the dominance of any one party within that coalition. The usual reason given for this arrangement is that no party on its own can achieve a majority in the parliament.

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25
Q

political party

A

an organization of people which seeks to achieve goals common to its members through the acquisition and exercise of political power

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26
Q

party platform

A

a list of priorities and a plan for governing published by

a political party

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27
Q

political spectrum

A

a linear visual used to
illustrate political ideologies, from left to
right -left Communism , Center Liberalism Right Fascism

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28
Q

ideology

A

political and social principles or

beliefs

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29
Q

non-governmental organization

A

local, national, or international
groups that work independently of government
on issues such as health, the environment,
or human rights

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30
Q

United Way

A

NGO - the leadership and support organization for the network of nearly 1,800 community-based United Ways in 45 countries and territories. It advances the common good, creating opportunities for a better life for all, by focusing on education, income and health

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31
Q

Canadian Red Cross

A

NGO- a Canadian humanitarian charitable organization and one of 189 national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies

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32
Q

Doctors Without Borders

A

NGOa French-founded humanitarian-aid non-governmental organization and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, best known for its projects in war-torn regions

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33
Q

OXFAM

A

an international confederation of 17 organizations working in approximately 94 countries worldwide to find solutions to poverty

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34
Q

Western Canada Wilderness Committee

A

a non-profit environmental education organization that aims to protect Canada’s wild spaces and species

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35
Q

pressure groups

A 
organized groups of individuals
with common interests and concerns
who attempt to pressure political
decision makers; also known as interest
groups
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36
Q

Free the Children

A

an international charity and youth movement founded in 1995 by human rights advocate Craig Kielburger.[1] Funded to a large extent by youth, the organization originally used the motto, “children helping children”. It specializes in sustainable development in the countries of Ecuador, Ghana, Haiti, Kenya, Tanzania, Nicaragua, Sierra Leone, India and rural China. The organization runs educational programs and campaigns in developed countries, with the aim of empowering youth to become socially engaged

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37
Q

Craig Kielburger

A

a Canadian activist for the rights of children. He is the co-founder, with his brother Marc Kielburger, of the Free the Children charity and of the Me to We social enterprise

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38
Q

lobbyists

A

a person hired to represent the
interests of a pressure group by influencing
policy decision makers in the group’s
favour

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39
Q

civil disobedience

A

the act of intentionally
breaking the law while protesting against
laws one considers unjust

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40
Q

Clayoquot Sound issue

A

a series of protests related to clearcut logging in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia. The protest against the logging of the temperate rainforest in 1993 was, at the time, the largest act of civil disobedience in Canadian history

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41
Q

Conservative Party of Canada

A

as the Tories, is a political party in Canada. It is positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum.[5] The party is led by Prime Minister Stephen Harper, who has led a conservative government since 2006

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42
Q

Liberal Party of Canada

A

Grits, is the oldest federal political party in Canada. The party espouses the principles of liberalism, and generally sits at the centre of the Canadian political spectrum

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43
Q

Bloc Quebecois

A

a federal political party in Canada devoted to the protection of Quebec’s interests in the House of Commons of Canada, and the promotion of Quebec sovereignty Centre-left[2] to Centre-right

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44
Q

New Democratic Party

A

a major social-democratic[6][7] federal political party in Canada. The current leader of the NDP is Thomas Mulcair. Center -Left

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45
Q

Liberal Party of BC

A

the governing conservative[1][2] and classical liberal[4][5] provincial political party in British Columbia, Canada. Center Right

46
Q

Parti Quebecois

A

a sovereignist[6] provincial political party in Quebec in Canada. The PQ advocates national sovereignty for Quebec involving secession of the province of Quebec from Canada and establishing a sovereign state. Center LEft

47
Q

Current political parties

A 
Conservative Party of Canada
Liberal Party of Canada
Bloc Quebecois
New Democratic Party
Liberal Party of BC
Parti Quebecois
48
Q

Former political parties

A

Canadian Alliance
Progressive Conservatives
Social Credit Party

49
Q

Canadian Alliance

A

a Canadian conservative political party that existed from 2000 to 2003. Right wing

50
Q

Progressive Conservatives

A

a Canadian federal political party with a centre-right stance on economic issues and, after the 1970s, a centrist stance on social issues. Center Right

51
Q

Social Credit Party

A

known as the Socreds,[1] was a conservative-populist political party in Canada that promoted social credit theories of monetary reform. Right wing

52
Q

Ideologies:

A 
conservatism
liberalism
socialism
communism
fascism
totalitarianism
53
Q

conservatism

A

a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of the culture and civilization.

54
Q

liberalism

A

a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality

55
Q

socialism

A

a social and economic system characterised by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movement that aims at the establishment of such a system

56
Q

communism

A

a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

57
Q

fascism

A

a way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with the government
very harsh control or authority

58
Q

totalitarianism

A

is concept of a political system in which the state holds total control over the society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible.

59
Q

Right to vote in federal elections gained:

Women

A

– 1918

60
Q

Right to vote in federal elections gained:

Indo Canadians

A

1947

61
Q

Right to vote in federal elections gained:

Chinese Canadians

A

1947

62
Q

Right to vote in federal elections gained:

Japanese Canadians

A

1949

63
Q

Right to vote in federal elections gained:

Aboriginal Canadians - 1960

A

1960

64
Q

Election limits

Canada –

A

5 years

65
Q

Election limits

BC

A

4 years

66
Q

What is a similarity between lobbying and petitioning?

A

They are strategies to influence government.

67
Q

With which headline would a coalition government be associated?

A

Opposing parties join together to govern the country”

68
Q

habeus corpus

A

a recourse in law whereby a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment before a court, usually through a prison official

69
Q

presumption of innocence

A

an important part of our criminal law system. Basically it means that if you are accused of a crime, you don’t have to prove you are innocent. Instead, it is the job of the prosecutor to prove you are guilty.`

70
Q

Legal Rights

A 
Charter rights that guarantee
people will be treated fairly by the legal
system, including knowing why they were
arrested, having access to a lawyer, and
getting a fair and speedy tria
71
Q

Supreme Court of Canada

A

the highest court for all legal issues
in Canada since 1949. It decides on constitutional issues and acts as the final
court of appeal for some criminal cases.

72
Q

Bertha Wilson

A

a Canadian jurist and the first female Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada

73
Q

human right

A

rights inherent to all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language, or any other status. We are all equally entitled to our human rights without discrimination. These rights are all interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.

74
Q

Holocaust

A

human rights violations. systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators.

75
Q

Cambodian Genocide

A

human rights violations. a genocide was carried out by the Khmer Rouge (KR) regime led by Pol Pot between 1975 and 1979 in which an estimated one and a half to three million people died

76
Q

Rwandan Genocide

A

human rights violations a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi and moderate Hutu in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority. During the approximate 100-day period from April 7, 1994, to mid-July, an estimated 500,000–1,000,000 Rwandans were killed

77
Q

Apartheid in South Africa

A

human rights violations system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party (NP), the governing party from 1948 to 1994

78
Q

Tiananmen Square

A

human rights violations commonly known as the June Fourth Incident (六四事件) or ‘89 Democracy Movement (八九民运) in Chinese,[1] were student-led popular demonstrations in Beijing which took place in the spring of 1989 and received broad support from city residents, exposing deep splits within China’s political leadership.

79
Q

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A

declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris.. represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled

80
Q

International Criminal Court (ICC)

A

an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal that sits in The Hague in the Netherlands. The ICC has the jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The ICC is intended to complement existing national judicial systems and it may therefore only exercise its jurisdiction when certain conditions are met, such as when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute criminals

81
Q

Louise Arbour

A

the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, a former justice of the Supreme Court of Canada and the Court of Appeal for Ontario and a former Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.

82
Q

human rights violations in Canada:

A

WWI and WWII internment camps
Minority voting rights
Treatment of Aboriginals

83
Q

WWI and WWII internment camps

A

human rights violations in Canada:
immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Germany and the other Central Powers were rounded up and locked away in internment camps. More than 8,000 people who considered themselves Canadian were imprisoned for being “enemy aliens.”

84
Q

Minority voting rights

A

human rights violations in Canada: Women not voting in Canada

85
Q

Treatment of Aboriginals

A

human rights violations in Canada: stole their land. kids in boarding schools. Treated them bad

86
Q

Bill of Rights (1960)

A

Canadians with certain quasi-constitutional[2] rights at Canadian federal law in relation to other federal statutes. It was the earliest expression of human rights law at the federal level in Canada

87
Q

Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)

A

guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in it subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.

88
Q

Important sections of the Charter:

A 
Fundamental Freedoms
Equality Rights
Democratic Rights
Employment Rights
Mobility Rights
Language Rights
Section 33 – Notwithstanding Clause
89
Q

Fundamental Freedoms

A

the following fundamental freedoms:

(a) freedom of conscience and religion;
(b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media of communication;
(c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and
(d) freedom of association.

90
Q

Equality Rights

A

Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.

91
Q

Democratic Rights

A

Every citizen of Canada has the right to vote in an election of members of the House of Commons or of a legislative assembly and to be qualified for membership therein.

92
Q

Employment Rights

A

Right to any job no discrimnation

93
Q

Mobility Rights

A

Every citizen of Canada has the right to enter, remain in and leave Canada.

94
Q

Language Rights

A

English and French are the official languages of Canada and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and government of Canada.

95
Q

Section 33 – Notwithstanding Clause

A

Parliament or the legislature of a province may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of the legislature, as the case may be, that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of this Charter.

96
Q

Bill 101

A

law in the province of Quebec in Canada defining French, the language of the majority of the population, as the official language of Quebec and framing fundamental language rights

97
Q

Aboriginal Rights

A

ollective rights which flow from Aboriginal peoples’ continued use and occupation of certain areas. They are inherent rights which Aboriginal peoples have practiced and enjoyed since before European contact.

98
Q

Indian Act

A

a Canadian statute that concerns registered Indians, their bands, and the system of Indian reserves. First passed in 1876 and is still in force with amendments, it is the primary document which governs how the Canadian state interacts with the 614 First Nation bands in Canada and their members.

99
Q

Gender equity

A

he process of allocating resources, programs, and decision making fairly to both males and females without any discrimination on the basis of sex…and addressing any imbalances in the benefits available to males and females

100
Q

Section 15 of the Charter

A

Every body is equal

101
Q

Children’s Rights

A

the human rights of children with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to minors.

102
Q

Impact of the Charter on Canadian Society

A

t has transformed a country obsessed with the federal-provincial division of powers and enabled it to address its diversity in a substantive, principled way.

103
Q

What is a primary purpose of the Canadian constitution?

A

to define powers of the provincial and federal governments

104
Q

Through what means can government make changes to the Canadian constitution?

A

by meeting the terms of the amending formula

105
Q

Canada is a ‘representative democracy’. Define ‘representative democracy’

A

A country in which citizens allow elected representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

106
Q

Canada is a ‘constitutional monarchy’. Explain the importance of the ‘monarch’.

A

Constututional monarchies recognize a monarch (king or queen) as the head of state. In Canada, the monarch is represented by the Governor General. This ultimate authority ensures that no one, not even the leader of the nation, can ignore the law. This is the power of the Crown.

107
Q

Explain the division between federal and provincial government powers.

A

Federal Government looks after issues affecting all Canadians like defense and foreign trade whereas provinces more or less mind the day to day affairs; healthcare, education that sort of thing.
Federal:
- Defense
- Foreign affaris
- Oceans and Fisheries
- Pensions, Income taxes, Employment Insurance,
- Customs and Food Inspection etc..

Provincial:

  • healthcare (although feds set standards for all provinces)
  • education
  • drivers license, roads, that sort of stuff.
108
Q

What is the role of municipal governments?

A

municipal government has the greatest amount of contact with individual citizens. The essential services that municipalities provide include garbage collection and disposal, sewage treatment, fire protection, water supply, and establishment of schools.

109
Q

Describe the main features of the parliamentary system in Canada.

A

system of government holds that the law is the supreme authority. The Constitution Act, 1867, which forms the basis of Canada’s written constitution, provides that there shall be one Parliament for Canada, consisting of three distinct elements: the Crown, the Senate and the House of Commons. However, as a federal state, responsibility for lawmaking in Canada is shared among one federal, ten provincial and three territorial governments.

110
Q

How does a bill become law in Canada?

A

bill must first be introduced in either the Senate or the House of Commons. It must then pass through various stages in each House: first, second and third reading. Then it must receive Royal Assent.

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